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Striated muscle

Striated muscle tissue consists of large fibres in the form of bundles. Striated muscles are most necessary for manipulation of the bones of the skeleton. Those are the muscles necessary for walking, running, turning the head and so on. That's why we sometimes call them skeletal muscles. This type of muscle tissue includes the large muscle masses of the body, the muscles of the arms, legs, back etc.¹ It includes all those muscles which must react quickly to changes in the environment, i.e.² those that become active through an effort of will. For this reason, we call striated muscles voluntary muscles.

 

 

Билет 8

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Skeletal Muscles

Muscles are the active part of the motor apparatus: their contractions are producing various movements, when they are active. Functionally we divide all muscles into two groups: voluntary and involuntary muscles.

Voluntary muscles consist of striated muscle tissue and contract by the will of the man. This group includes all the muscles of the head, trunk and extremities, i.e., the skeletal muscles, as well as those of some internal organs (tongue, larynx, etc.). The skeletal muscles are the organs of the muscular system. There are more than 400 skeletal muscles in the human organism: in adults they make up about two-fifths of the total body weight. Each skeletal muscle has an arterial, venous, lymphatic and nervous supply. Muscles must always act in groups.

Skeletal muscles are complex in structure. They consist of muscle fibres of different length (up to 12 cm); the fibres are usually parallel to each other and are united (соединены) in bundles. Each muscle contains many such bundles. There are tendons at the ends of muscles by means of which they are bound (связаны) to bones.

Muscles have both motor and sensory nerve fibres. Impulses (signals) about the state of the muscle reach the brain along the sensory fibres. The nerve impulses which cause the muscle to contract come from the brain along the motor fibres. Injury to the nerves which innervate muscles causes disturbances in voluntary movements (muscular paralysis).

 

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Cardiac muscle

Cardiac (heart) muscle is, in a sense, a cross between the previous two. A characteristic feature of cardiac muscle is that fibres have neither a beginning nor an end. In other words, the heart is simply a huge net of muscles in which all elements are continuous with each other. Cardiac muscles («heart» - Greek) have the strength and force of contraction of the skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle is under complete involuntary control. In that, it resembles visceral muscle.

 

 

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Nursing Affair

Curative Affair

Obstetrician Affair

Stomatology \ Dentistry

Medical-prophylactic affair

Orthopedic Stomatology

Pharmacy

to be a student of the medical college

preventive measures

educational establishment

rehabilitation measures

traditions

curative measures

graduate

diagnostic measures

to be considered

emergency ambulances

highly trained specialists

emergency hospitals

department

emergency medical help

qualification of a nurse

prescription

general practice

to provide medical health

a doctor assistant

 

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Билет 10

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The Urinary System (part 1)

The urinary system is the system which excretes the largest part of the waste products of the body. It consists of the kidneys, right and left, the ureters, a tube from each kidney which conveys the urine to the bladder, the urethra, a tube that leads from the bladder, along which the urine is passed out of the body.

 

The kidneys are placed one on each side in the lumbar region of the spine, on the posterior abdominal wall, at the level of the twelfth thoracic and first-second lumbar vertebrae. A kidney weighs about 150 grams and is covered by membranes. The connective tissue membrane which directly adheres to the kidney is called the fibrous capsule. This capsule is surrounded by perirenal fat and is called the adipose capsule.

 

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs. The kidneys contain one million small tubes, which have to excrete products of metabolism and control the concentrations of most of the constituents of body fluids. These small tubules make up the parenchyma of the kidney. They are very fine and may be of various shapes. Since dissolved (растворенные) wastes may be excreted by diffusion through the various cell membranes there is little evidence that such excretion occurs.