I.Прочитайте и переведите текст

Organic chemistry is an extremely interesting field of natural science and of great technological significance. The overwhelming majority of chemists prove to be engaged in producing organic compounds; several millions being known so far.

In view of their obvious success in the manufacture of synthetic compounds, the chemists are greatly interested in this field of science.

The name organic chemistry, which was originally used to refer to the chemistry of substances that occur in living organisms, is now used for the chemistry of the compounds of carbon. The chemistry of carbon was greatly advanced about a century ago through the development of a general structure theory, this theory being a chemical theory, in­duced from chemical facts.

In recent years it has received added verification through the determination of exact structures of molecules and crys­tals by physical methods, especially X-ray diffraction, elec­tron diffraction, and the analysis of the spectra of sub­stances.

Vocabulary

1. overwhelming – всеобъемлющий, всеохватывающий
2. majority – большинство
3. to be engaged – быть занятым

4. verification - подтверждение

5. correlation - исправление

6. lubricant – смазывающее вещество

7. exhaust gas – выхлопной газ

8. valuable - ценный

9. to reduce - уменьшать

10. to damage - вредить

11. recent - недавний

12. poisonous – вредный, ядовитый

13. to prevent - предотвращать

14. to be responsible for – отвечать за

15. to prove - доказывать

16. to occur - встречаться

17. advanced - передовой

18. diamond - бриллиант

19. ability - способность

20. to dissolve - растворять

21. pressure - давление

22. to reach – достигать

 

II. Выполните упражнения

1. Ответьте на вопросы

1. What is organic chemistry? 2. Why are the scientists interested in the field of organic chemistry? 3. What does the name organic chemistry refer to? 4. When was the chem­istry of carbon advanced? 5. What phenomenon was found during the first half of the 19th century? 6. Where does carbon occur? 7. In what form does carbon occur in nature? 8. What gases does carbon form during its burning? 9. What properties of carbon monoxide do you know? 10. What pro­perties of carbon dioxide do you know? 11. What does car­bon dioxide form combining with water? 12. What are very important atmospheric contaminants?

Найдите инфинитив, определите его форму и функцию в предложении, переведите предложения.

1. At least three of the remaining four particles are needed to account for the observed relationships. 2. This substance was purified to investigate its properties carefully. 3. Lead is known to be a bright silvery metal with a pronounced bluish colour. 4. The radiation was first thought to consist of gamma-rays, but the energy relationships were found to disagree with this assumption. 5. They proved soluble lead salts to be poisonous. 6. They have been told to ex­amine all the found precipitates. 7. The laboratory appeared to have been equipped very well. 8. The sediment to be investigated appeared on the bottom of the flask. 9. They are likely to have proved this solvent to be very volatile. 10. They were asked to find out all the constituents of the compound. 11. A series of experiments was conducted to determine the effect of adding this element.

3. Заполните пропуски словами, данными ниже. Некоторые слова могут использоваться несколько раз. Переведите предложения.

combustion, rusting, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, argon, inert, reactive, at­mosphere, carbon dioxide, cooling, heating, remove, mixture, substance, isolate

1.... is a corrosion of iron or steel to form a hydrate iron (III) oxide.

2.... occurs in the air (78%) and is an essential constituent of pro­teins and nucleic acids in living organisms.

3.... is a chemical reaction in which a... reacts rapidly with... pro­ducing heat and light.

4.... is a colourless, odourless gas, soluble in water, ethanol and ace­tone.

5.... occurs only in the presence of both water and....

6. Reactions of... are often free-radical chain reactions, which can usually be summarized as the oxidation of carbon to form its ox­ides and the oxidation of... to form water.

7.... is really prepared in the laboratory by the action of dilute acids on metal carbonates.

8. Though... is essential to all forms of life, the huge amount present in the... is not directly available to most organisms.

9.... is the lightest element and most abundant at the universe.

10.... is an electrochemical process in which different parts of iron surface act as electrodes in a cell reaction.

11. Flame is a luminous... of gases undergoing....

12.... is a by-product (побочный продукт) from the manufacture of lime (известь) and from fermentation process.

 

Проанализируйте каждое предложение с точки зрения грамматики Переведите предложения.

1. The capacity of a solvent to dissolve a given solute is often limited though there are many pairs of substances which can be mixed in any proportions. 2. The alkali metals are usually stored in oil so as to exclude air. 3. Heating the substance, one must be very attentive. 4. For hydrogen to be obtained from water, electrolysis may be used. 5. The catalytic substance can be recovered unchanged after the reaction is completed. 6. While dealing with chemicals in a laboratory, one can’t do without such apparatus as funnels, beakers and so on. 7. As the temperature is raised, the rate of evaporation increases. 8. Once discovered, the periodic system of elements received much scientific attention. 9. Where the current enters or leaves the liquid, there are evidences of chemical action having taken place. 10. Important as the problem of solubility may be, we shall not consider it now. 11. Having analysed the data, the author found that they were in agreement with the theory. 12. Physics and chemistry are so closely related that textbooks of these two subjects contain much in common. 13. Many oxides are found to combine with acids to form salts and water. 14. Carbon monoxide cannot properly be described as either a basic or an acidic oxide, inasmuch as it does not react with water.

Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Существует множество методов изучения структуры атомов и молекул. 2. Ценную информацию в этой связи можно получить из исследования спектров. 3. Ученые различают спектры атомов и молекул. 4. Атомы дают линейные спектры. 5. Молекулярные спектры называют полосатыми. 6. Атомы каждого элемента отличаются от атомов других элементов. 7. Химическая реакция происходит, когда атомы взаимодействуют друг с другом и образуют новые комбинации. 8. Молекулы, как известно, электрически нейтральны. 9. Молекулы соединений состоят из двух и более видов атомов. 10. Дать определение молекулы – значит сказать о ее составе и свойствах. 11. То, что соединения имеют одинаковые физические свойства, не означает, что их химические свойства тоже одинаковы. 12. Молекула элемента может состоять из одного, двух и более одинаковых атомов.

III.Control text

Прочитайте и переведите текст

 

Non-chemist can't help being surprised to learn that many chemi­cal compounds are obtained from living things. For example, sugars, ethanol, methane, urea, etc.

What all these compounds have in common are the elements car­bon and hydrogen. Thus, it can be said that nearly all compounds ob­tained from living things are carbon compounds.

In the early days of chemistry no one ever thought of obtaining compounds from living things in the laboratory. The idea was that there were special processes going on inside the organism (living thing). The special processes were believed to be essential for the for­mation of the compounds. So, chemists considered the compounds from organisms to be somehow special and different from "ordinary" chemicals that could be made in the laboratory. They called chemi­cals from living things organic chemicals and the others inorganic chemicals.

However, in 1828 a chemist called Wohler showed organic chemi­cals to be just ordinary chemical substances. He did this by converting an inorganic chemical into an organic one simply by heating it in the laboratory. Gradually, more and more organic chemicals were shown to be just like ordinary chemicals. But we still use the terms "organic" and "inorganic" to divide chemicals into two classes. Nowadays, how­ever, we use the term "organic compounds" to mean carbon com­pounds, there being some exceptions to the rule.

Most of the organic chemicals we have nowadays are man-made and are obtained directly from organisms. However, the main raw ma­terial for manufacturing organic chemicals is petroleum, it having been formed in the past from marine organisms.

Why do we have to separate a branch of chemistry just for carbon compounds? Couldn't its compounds be included with those of other elements?

There's a simple reason for keeping carbon compounds separate: there are just too many of them. There are more compounds of carbon than compounds of all the other elements put together. Organic chemistry is therefore to be a very large branch of chemistry. It includes millions of compounds. Most of these are compounds of carbon involving just a few other nonmetallic elements, for example, hydrogen, nitrogen, ox­ygen and the halogens.

Why does carbon have so many more compounds than other ele­ments? What is special about it? The answer to these questions is: car­bon atoms have the special property of being able to join together to form chains of atoms. The chains may be short, or they may be hun­dreds or even thousands of atoms long.

Since the carbon chain can be practically any length, the number of possible hydrocarbons is enormous.

 

Ответьте на вопросы

 

1. What sugars does the author mean?
2. Why are carbon compounds so important?
3. What was the source of organic chemicals in the past?
4. What chemical did Wohler prepare in the laboratory?
5. What else can Wohler be credited with?
6. What do you know about petroleum?
7. It's written in the text: "Nowadays, however, we use the term "organ­ic compounds" to mean carbon compounds, there being some ex­ceptions to the rule." What are the exceptions?

 

Перескажите текст

Test 9

 

1. Carbon is to be … along with hydrogen and oxygen as one of the most important element.

1. Studied
2. Considered
3. Ranked
4. Known

 

 

2. Graphite is a conductor of…

1. Electricity
2. Light
3. Heat
4. Exhausts

 

 

3. Carbon … only about 0.03 percent of the Earth crust.

1. Contains
2. Makes
3. Has
4. Constitutes

 

4. Carbon … in two crystalline forms.

1. Occurs
2. Meets
3. Is
4. Presents

 

 

5. These forms differ strikingly by their …

1. Sites
2. Properties
3. Structures
4. Masses

 

 

6. Graphite … parallel planes of atoms.

1. Possessed
2. Possess
3. Is possessed
4. Possesses

 

 

7. All atoms in a diamond are firmly … together.

1. Linked
2. Ranked
3. Bonded
4. Bound

 

 

8. The carbon chain can be practically any…

1. Height
2. Hence
3. Length
4. Light

 

 

9. Carbon dioxide vaporizes without … at 79^o.

1. Heating
2. Melting
3. Cooling
4. Leading

 

10. Carbon … is a colourless, odourless gas with small solubility in water.

1. Dioxide
2. Compound
3. Element
4. Monoxide

 

 

Unit 10