Придумайте свой заголовок к тексту.

 

Only the sons of the nobles ¹ attended the first Egyptian schools. They learned reading, good behaviour and got physical education there. In ancient China education consisted of learning the scriptures ² by heart. Sparta and Athens were two Greek states. The Spartans, hard and warlike people, got military education. At the age of 7 all boys of noble families left their homes and lived in groups under very strict discipline. The Spartans learned to use weapons. The Athenians had a programme of physical training. As time went on they paid special attention to reading, writing and literature. A special teacher known as the “grammatist” taught them. Common people didn’t get education. Greek ideas of what education should include influenced European education, especially secondary and university education.

Roman schools were free of charge. These schools provided three stages of education. At 6 or 7 boys (and some girls) went to the primary schools where they learned reading, writing and arithmetic. At 12 or 13 boys of the rich families went on to the “grammar” school to study the Greek and Latin languages and literature. At 16 young nobles who wanted to go into politics went to schools of rhetoric. These schools trained public speakers. In Great Britain the first teachers were craftsmen ³. They taught children to read, write, count and cook. The Monitorial system ⁴ was the main system of teaching in Great Britain at the beginning of the 19^th century. The teacher had a class of 100 pupils and senior pupils or “monitors” helped him.

1. the nobles – знать

2. scripture – священное писание

3. craftsman – ремесленник

4. Monitorial system of teaching – Ланкастерская система обучения (с использованием учащихся старших классов для преподавания в младших классах в общеобразовательной школе в целях снижения затрат на ее содержание). Была введена педагогом Джозефом Ланкастером.

20. Скажите, ответами на какие вопросы являются следующие реплики. Меняйтесь ролями.

e.g. Ключ:

A. …………………………………………………….? B. Yes, the Athenians paid special attention to literature. A. Did the Athenians pay special attention to literature? B. Yes, the Athenians paid special attention to literature.

 

I. A. …………………………………………………………?

B. Yes, the Spartans got military education.

A. …………………………………………………………?

B. Yes, only the nobles attended the first schools in Egypt.

A. …………………………………………………………?

B. Yes, the Romans learned Greek and Latin.

II. B. …………………………………………………………?

A. Yes, teachers used the Monitorial system of teaching in Great Britain.

B. …………………………………………………………?

A. Yes, primary schools in Rome trained children in arithmetic.

B. …………………………………………………………?

A. Yes, the Spartans lived under very strict discipline.

 

21. Ответьте на вопросы своего собеседника, используя слова в скобках и образец. Меняйтесь ролями.

e.g. Ключ:

A. Did schools first start in China? B. …………………… (in Egypt). A. Did schools first start in China? B. No, they didn’t. Schools first started in Egypt.

I. A. Did schools first start in Egypt a thousand years ago?

B. ……………………… (5 or 6 thousand).

A. Did fathers and mothers teach their children at schools in Egypt?

B. ……………………… (at home).

A. Did all children attend the first Egyptian schools?

B. ……………………… (only the sons of the nobles).

II. B. Did the Spartans get knowledge in literature?

A. ……………………… (military education).

B. Did the Romans study Greek and Latin at the primary school?

A. ……………………… (grammar schools).

B. Did children learn grammar in ancient China?

A. ……………………… (the scriptures).

22. Скажите, чему обучались дети в различных странах древнего мира. Используйте образцы и предлагаемые в скобках слова и словосочетания.

e.g.	1) In Egypt childrenlearned reading and good behaviour. 2) In Egypt schoolstrained children in reading and good behaviour.

(arithmetic, using weapons, literature, writing, reading, the Greek language, grammar, the Latin language, cooking, counting)

 

23. Прочтите утверждения. Выразите свое согласие или несогласие с ними, используя следующие слова и словосочетания.

Agreement	Disagreement
Exactly That’s right I quite agree It’s perfectly true Certainly	On the contrary I can’t agree I shouldn’t say so By no means I don’t think so

1. The Spartans were peace-loving people. 2. Only the nobles attended the first Egyptian schools. 3. In Great Britain the teacher had very small classes. 4. Common people didn’t get education in ancient world. 5. The Romans didn’t pay for education. 6. “Grammatists” taught arithmetic to the Athenians.

 

24. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. When did you learn to read and write? 2. What words did you learn to read and write first? 3. Who taught you to read and write?

 

25. Прочтите шутку и ответьте на вопрос после нее.

A teacher said to a pupil: “When I was your age I could answer any question in arithmetic”. “Yes,” said the girl, “but you forget that you had a different teacher from the teacher I have”.

Question: Did the pupil like her teacher?

 

26. Расскажите об особенностях образования по следующему плану:

1. The first teachers.

2. The invention of writing and first schools.

3. The education in various countries of Ancient World.

4. The Monitorial System of teaching.

 

РАЗДЕЛ 2

HIGHER EDUCATION IN RUSSIA, GREAT BRITAIN AND THE USA

1. Прослушайте и повторите за диктором слова, обращая внимание на чтение буквы “ j ”.

j [ d ] – January, subject, enjoy, just, joint

 

2. Вспомните, какая еще буква читается [ d ]. Приведите примеры.

3. Найдите в строке слова со звуком [ d ]. Прочтите их вслух.

job, big, July, German, gymnastics, leg, join, biology.

 

4. Прослушайте и повторите за диктором следующие слова, обращая внимание на чтение букв “ c ” и “ x ”.

C	[ s ] (перед e, i, y)	medicine, centre, discipline, city, cycle
[ k ]	doctor, academic, capital, contract, difficult
X	[gz] (перед ударной гласной)	e′xample, e′xist, e′xact, e′xotic, e′xecutive
[ks]	Oxford, text, six, expect, except

 

Прочтите следующие слова.

1. practice, democracy, criticize, civilization, cost

2. ex′clude, six′teen, e′xistence, ′oxygen, e′xamine

 

6. Прослушайте и повторите за диктором следующие слова. Скажите, сочетание каких букв читается [ f ].

[ f ] – physics, physical, philosophy, photo, telegraph

 

7. Найдите в строке слова со звуком [ f ]. Прочтите их вслух.

phase, rhythm, phenomenon, three, phonetics

 

8. Прослушайте и повторите за диктором следующие слова.

единственное число	множественное число
thesis     basis	[′θ i:sIs]     [′beIsIs]	theses     bases	[′θ i:si:z]     [beIsi:z]

9. Напишите следующие пары слов в транскрипции и прочтите их вслух. При необходимости воспользуйтесь словарем.

crisis – crises, synthesis – syntheses, analysis – analyses, emphasis – emphases

 

10. Прослушайте и повторите за диктором следующие слова и словосочетания. Постарайтесь запомнить их значения.

 

1. to enter the University (the Institute) 2. to graduate from the University (the Institute) graduate post-graduate post-graduate course to take a post-graduate course graduation paper 3. examination/exam entrance examinations to take exams to pass exams to fail in an exam 4. department full-time/day department part-time/evening department correspondence/extra-mural department 5. subject obligatory subject optional subject 6. first-year student full-time student part-time student correspondence student 7. scholarship syn. grant 8. a graduation paper (a thesis) to submit a dissertation (a thesis) 9. term 10. dormitory, hostel, hall of residence 11. enterprise 12. to take part in smth syn. to participate 13. to found syn. to establish 14. to equip equipment 15. conveniences

поступить в университет (институт) окончить университет (институт)   выпускник аспирант аспирантура учиться в аспирантуре дипломная работа экзамен вступительные экзамены сдавать экзамены сдать экзамены провалиться на экзамене отделение, кафедра дневное отделение вечернее отделение заочное отделение предмет обязательный предмет факультативный предмет студент 1 курса студент дневного отделения студент вечернего отделения студент-заочник стипендия   представить дипломную работу представить диссертацию семестр студенческое общежитие предприятие принимать участие в чем-либо   основывать   оборудовать оборудование удобства

11. Прослушайте и повторите за диктором постепенно увеличивающиеся словосочетания. Следите за интонацией.

1. ………………… scientist

……….. Russian scientist

the great Russian scientist

2. ……………………………. economy

..………………… national economy

..……. culture and national economy

fields of culture and national economy

3. ….…………… specialists

…….. qualified specialists

highly qualified specialists

4. …………………………………………………... humanities

…………………………….. natural sciences and humanities

………………. specialists in natural sciences and humanities

…….. qualified specialists in natural sciences and humanities

highly qualified specialists in natural sciences and humanities

5. ……………... laboratories

…... equipped laboratories

well-equipped laboratories

6. ……………………………. conveniences

…………………… modern conveniences

………………... all modern conveniences

dormitories with all modern conveniences

7. ………………………………………... departments

……………………….correspondence departments

………... part-time and correspondence departments

full-time, part-time and correspondence departments