Rnaea 19. CeoMcTea nopowKOBblX M3AenMM M MeTOAbl MX KOHTpons.

 

0)lHa HJ fJiaBHb X Ja)la'I, a BO MHOrHX CJiyqa.HX H Ba)l(ffeHllla.H, Mac­ COBOfO npoHJBO)lCTBa B nopOllIKOBOH MeTam ypfHH - IlOJiyqeHHe KOH­ COJIH)lHpOBaHHh X MaTepHaJIOB (HJ)leJIHH) B YCJIOBH.HX IlOCTO.HHHOH H

CTporow BocnpoHJBO)lHMOCTH HX cso:HcTB. PellleHHe 3To:H Ja)la11H ox­ BaTh BaeT COBOKyIIHOCTh npoueccoB, npe)lllleCTBYJOIUHX KOHCOJIH)lauHH (npoHJBO)lCTBO HCXO)lHhIX MeTaIDIH'leCKHX nopOllIKOB, HX CMellIHBa­

HHe H)lp.) H IlPHBO,llSIIll;HX K HeH (<t>opMOBaHHe, cneKaHHe,,llOilOJI­ HHTeJibHa.H TepMH11ecKa.H o6pa6oTKa H Jlp.). M. IO. oaJihllIHH o6paTHJI BHHMaHHe Ha TO, 'ITO npH KOHCOJIH)laUHH cocymeCTBYJOT npouecCbl

HeaBTOHOMHOH (yseJIH'IHBaIOiu;e:H H $HKCHpy10me:H KOHTaKTbI) Ha­

rpyxa10me:H)le<t>opMaUHH H aBTOHOMHOH (YMeHblllaIOmew H Hapyllla-

10me:H KOHTaKTb) paJrpyxa10mew.ue<f>opMauHH.Ilo3TOMY O'leHb MHO­ rHe CBOHCTBa nopollIKOBOfO TeJia JaBHC.HT He TOJlhKO OT ero OTHOCH­

TeJibHOH IlJIOTHOCTH s, HO H OT 6eJpaJMepHoro KOHTaKTHOfO (KpHTH­

qecKoro) ce11eHH.H aK (O<aK 1), xapaKTepHJy10mero)lOJIIO o6'beMa nopHcroro TeJia, B KOTopo:H KOHUeHTpHPYIOTC.H HanpaBJieHHbie Ha­

 

BJIH.HeT Ha Beeb KOMilJleKc HX CBOHCTB, cymecTBeHHO orpaHl1'1HBa.H o6JiaCTH npHMeHeHH.H. <l>opMa nop MOXeT 6hITh paJJIH'IHOH 11 JaBHCHT OT paJMepa H <t>opMbl11aCTHU HCXO,llHh X nopollIKOB, pexHMa HJfOTOB­ JieHH.H H TepMH11ecKoi1 06pa60TK11 nopollIKOBoro 11J.UeJI11.H. Ha1160Jiee npaBHJihffYIO <t>opMy nop 11 paBHOMepHoe 11x pacnpe)leJieHHe 11MeIOT HJ)leJil1.H, HJrOTOBJieHHb e HJ nopOllIKOB co c<t>epH'leCKOH <t>opMOH 11acTHU. MeJIKHe, JaMKHyThie, oKpyrno:H <t>opMhI nophI noHH)l{.aIOT MeXaHH'leCKHe CBOHCTBa nopollIKOBh X HJ,lleJIHH B MeHbllle:H creneH11, 11eM coe)lHH.HIOiu;Hec.H Me)l{.)ly co6oi1 meJieBH)lHhie nophI, KOTOpb1e BhIIlOJIH.HIOT POJih BHyTpeHHHX Ha)lpeJOB. Ha paJMep nop H 11X <t>opMy 60JibllIOe BJIH.HHHe OKaJhIBaIOT aTMoc<t>epa H CKOpOCTb Harpesa npH cneKaH11H.

B o6meM BH)le JaBHCHMOCTh OTHOCHTeJibHOro CBOHCTBa nopOllIKO­ BOfO TeJia x (HanpHMep, cr/crK - OTHOllleHHe npO'IHOCTH nopHCTOfO

TeJia K ero npO'IHOCTH B 6ecnopHCTOM COCTO.HHH H) OT OTHOCHTeJib­

HOH IlJIOTHOCT11 S np11Be)leHa Ha pHc. 269 (cxeMa oaJihllll1Ha-X10TTH­ ra) 11 Bb paxaeTC.H KaK X - Sm, r,lle m npl1HHMaeT JHa'leHHSI OT 0)lO 10. 06b 'IHO Bh)leJISIIOT 11eTblpe rpynilhl CBOHCTB: 1) He JaB11CSIIu;He OT nopHCTOCTH (m = 0) - MHKpOTBep)lOCTh, TeMnepaTypa IlJlaBJieHHSI H

K03$$HuHeHT TepM1111ecKoro paCllIHpeHH.H MarepHaJia qaCTHU; 2)

a)l)ll1THBHbie xapaKTepHCTHKH (m = 1), JaBl1CSIIu;l1e TOJibKO OT KOJIH'le­

IlpIDKeHH.H HJIH npoueCCbI. 3ro npOHCXO)lHT IlOTOMY, 'ITO nopHCTOe TeJIO B caMOM o6meM BH)le.HBJI.HeTC.H)lByx<t>aJHOH o6'beMHOH KOHCT­

PYKUHe:H, COCTO.Hiu;e:H HJ TBep)lOH <t>aJblH nyCTOThl (TO'IHee, HJ nop, JanOJIHeHHblX raJOM, HanpHMep BOJ)lyxOM)..[(JI.ff Hero xapaKTepHbl CJie)lYJOmHe oco6eHHOCTH: 1) nepe)la11a 3HeprnH H HanpIDKeHHH 11e­ pe nopHCTOe TeJIO npaKTH'leCKH IlOJIHOCTbIO KOHueHTpHpyeTC.H B TBep­

)lOH <t>Je, npH'leM TOJihKO B aKTHBHOH qacTH ee o6neMa, xapaKTepH­ JyeMoH aK; 2) TaKHe CBOHCTBa <t>aJh, JanoJIH.HIOmew nophI, KaK npo11- HOCTh, 3JieKTponpOBO)lHOCTh, JBYKOilpOBO)lHOCTb H T.n. no cpaBHe­ HHIO co CBOHCTBaMH TBep)lOH <t>aJbl HC'leJaIOme MaJibl H HMH MO)l(HO

npeHe6pe'lh; 3) eCJIH TBep)la.H <t>aJa CaMa COCTOHT HJ HeCKOJihKHX paJ­

CTBa MaTepHaJia - TenJIOeMKOCTh, MarHl1THa.H

3) CBOHCTBa THna npoBO)lHMOCTH

(m = 1,5+2) -3JieKTpO- H TeilJIOilpOBO,ll- x,....

HOCTh, MO)lYJih ynpyroCTH,)lH3JieKTpl1- qecKa.H 11 Ha'laJihHasi MarH11THa.H npomr­

uaeMOCTh; 4) CTpYKTypH0-11YBCTBl1TeJib­

Hbie CBOHCTBa (m = 3+ 10) -npO'IHOCTh,

0,5

nJiaCTH'IHOCTb, MaKCl1MaJibHa.H MarHHT­

Ha.H npoH11uaeMOCTh, y)lapHa.H BSIJKOCTb H)lp.

BeJpaJMepHbie CBOHCTBa nopHCTOfO

BOCnpl1HM'IHBOCTh;

 

 

_

HOpO)lHb X KOMilOHeHTOB, anpHOpHa.H (T. e.)lO npoBe)leHH.H 3KcnepH­ MeHTa) oueHKa csoiicTB nopollIKOBoro TeJia JHa'IHTeJihHO ycJIO)l(ff.ff­

TeJia C/CK (r)le C -CBOHCTBO nop11cToro

TeJia, OTHeCeHHOe K ero HOMl1HaJihHblM

0 0,25

0,5 0,75 \)

eTc.H, TaK KaK BOJMO)l(ffa npeHMymecTBeHHa.H KOHUeHTpaUH.H 3Heprn11 11 HanpIDKeHHH B O)lHOM 11J KOMilOHeHTOB (6oJiee Toro, fJiaBHhIM 06- paJOM B ero aKTHBHOH 'laCTH).

HaH6oJiee xapaKrepHo:H OTJIH'IHTeJihHOH 11epTo:H nopollIKOBh X Ma­ TepHaJio'B (HJ)leJIHH).HBJI.HeTC.H HaJIH'IHe OCTaTO'IHOH nopl1CTOCTH (BO

MHOfHX CJiyqa.HX BeChMa 60JibllIOH), 'ITO 'laCTO pelllaIOiu;HM o6paJOM

 

274

napaMeTpaM, Hanp11Mep K HOMl1HaJihHO­

MY ce11eH1110 11Jil1)lJll1He, C - CBOHCTBO

K

KOMnaKTHoro TeJia) SIBJISllOTCSI MaCWTa- 6oM M 11cKaxeH11.H.uaHHoro CBOHCTBa e nop11cToM TeJie (C/CK = M, C = MCJ. 3HaSI (onpe)leJI11B) MaCWTa6 KaKoro-JIH6o

11J CBOHCTB nopHCToro o6paJua, MOXHO

PHc. 269. 3aBHCHMOCTb OTHo­

CHTeJJbHOro CBOHCTBa x nopow­

KOBOro TeJla OT OTHOCHTCJlbHOH nJJOTHOCTH: I - CBOHCTBa, He JaBHCfflUHC OT nOpHCTOCTH; 2 -

a)J.lJ,HTHBHbi e xapaKTepHCTHKH; 3 -CBOHCTBa THna npoBO,llHMO­ CTH; 4 - CTpyKT)'pHO- YBCTBH­

TCJlbHblC xapaKTepHCTHKH

275

pacctrnTaTb,ll.JUI Hero H.upyrne xapaKTepHCTH KH (HanpHMep, MO.llYJIH ynpyrOCTH, C,llBHra, BCeCTOpOHHero C)l(llTHjJ, K03<l><l>HuHeHTIlyacco­ Ha, CKOPOCTh JByKa, 3JieKTponpoBO,llHOCTh H.up.), BeJIHqHHhlKOTOphlX JaBHCjJT He OT nopHCTOCTH, a TOJihKO OT JHaqeHHH COOTBeTCTBYIOlllHX

CBOHCTB MaTepHaJia qacTHU.

B o6meM BH,lle Me)((,lly PaJJIWlHhlMH napaMeTpaMH H CBOHCTBaMH 0,llHOfO H Toro xe o6paJua cymecTByeT KOJIHqecTBeHH BJaHMOCBjJJb:

aJS = (// f)-2, aK = E/ EK,

r.ue I - HCTHHHh H IlYTh npouecca e nopHCTOM TeJie; /K - ycJIOBHh H (HOMHHaJihHhIH) IlYTh npouecca e nopHCTOM reJie; E H EK - MO.llYJih ynpyroCTH nopHCTOfO H 6ecnopHCTOfO TeJia COOTBeTCTBeHHO.

Ou;eHKa ceoH:cTe nopollIKOBh X MarepHaJIOB HJIH HJ,lleJIHH noKaJhI­ eaeT, qTQ HX BeJIHqHHa npH Ja,llaHHOH nJIOTHOCTH onpe.ueJijJeTCjJ He TOJihKO CTaTHCTHqecKHMH, HO H <l>HJHKO-TeXHOJiornqecKHMH <l>aKTO­

paMH.

<l>HT, OKCH.llhIH T.n.) u nophI. BJIJfjJHHe ceoH:cTe HCXO.llHhIX nopollIKOB Ha CTpYKTYPY HeO,llHOJHaqHo H npOjJBJijJeTCjJ B paJJI}fqHOH Mepe npH ocymecTBJieHHH paJHoo6paJHhIX eapuaHTOB rexHoJiornqecKHx npouec­ coe noJiyqeHHjJ MaTepHaJIOB (HJ,lleJIHH) HJ HUX. TaK, <t>opMa qacTHU H peJibe<I> (lllepoxoeaTOCTh) HX noeepXHOCTH onpe.ueJijJIOT He TOJlhKO KaqecTBO caMHX <l>oPMOBOK, HO H oco6eHHOCTH <l>oPMHpOBaH}fjJ CTpYK­ TYPhIMarepHaJia Ha MexqacTHqHh X KOHTaKTHh X noeepxuocrnx Ha ecex 3Tanax nonyqeHHjJ nopollIKOBh X HJ.UeJIHH. YeeJIHqeHHe paJMepoe qac­ THU npHBO,llHT K <t>opMHpoeaHHIO KpynHOJepHHCTOH CTpYKTYPhlc OOJih­ llIHMH nopaMH HenpaeHJihHOH <l>oPMh, a yeeJIHqeHHe,llHCnepCHOCTH nopollIKOB, aKTHBHPYjJ npoueccw MacconepeHoca npH cneKaHHH H o6ecneqHeajJ noJiyqeHHe 6oJiee nJIOTHOH (ManonopHCTOH) CTpYKTY­ phI, MOXeT npHBO,llHTh K nOBh llleHHIO co.uep)l(llH}fjJ B MarepHaJie He­ MeTaJIJIHqecKHX BKJIIOqeHHH B CBjJJH c IlOBh llleHHOH OKHCJieHHOCThIO

HCXO,llHOfO nopOllIKa. 6oJibllloe BJIHSIHHe Ha <t>opMHpOBaHHe CTpYKTY­ pblOKaJblBaIOT XHMuqeCKHH COCTaB H BHyTpHJepeHH CTpyKTYPa ca­

MHX qacTHU nopOllIKa, oco6eHHO B CJiyqae HaJIHqHjJ B HHX