Task 12. Compare the passage from the original text with its translation into Russian and perform the tasks given below.

The Pueblo people of present day Arizona and New Mexico were the best organized of the Amerindian farming peoples. They lived in groups of villages or in towns which were built for safety on the sides and tops of cliffs. They shared terraced buildings made of adobe (mud and straw) bricks, dried in the sun. Some of these buildings contained as many as 800 rooms, crowded together on top of one another. The Pueblo made clothing and blankets from cotton which grew wild in the surrounding deserts. On their feet they wore boot-shaped leather moccasins to protect their legs against the sharp rocks and cactus plants of the desert. For food they grew crops of maize and beans. Irrigation made them successful as farmers. Long before Europeans came to America the Pueblo were building networks of canals across the deserts to bring water to their fields. In one desert valley modern archaeologists have traced canals and ditches which enabled the Pueblo to irrigate 250,000 acres of farmland.,

A people called the Apache were the neighbors of the Pueblo. The Apache never became settled farmers. They wandered the deserts and mountains in small bands, hunting deer and gathering wild plants, nuts and roots. They also obtained food by raiding their Pueblo neighbors and stealing it. The Apache were fierce and warlike, and they were much feared by the Pueblo.

Народ Пуэбло, живший на территории Аризоны и Нью-Мексико, были самыми хорошо организованными народами среди фермерских народов американских индейцев. Они жили в нескольких селах или в городах, которые были построены в целях безопасности на склонах и вершинах утесов. Они жили в зданиях на террасах, сделанных из сырцового кирпича, высушенного на солнце. Некоторые из этих зданий вмещали в себя 800 комнат, построенных друг на друге. Народ Пуэбло делали одежду и одеяла из хлопка, который вырос в дикой природе окружающих пустынь. На ногах они носили кожаные мокасины в форме ботинка, чтобы защитить ноги от острых камней и кактусов пустыни. Для пищи они выращивали урожай маиса и бобов. Орошение сделало их успешными фермерами. Задолго до того, как европейцы пришли в Америку, народ Пуэбло создавал водопроводные сети через пустыни, чтобы провести воду на свои поля. В одной пустынной долине современные археологи обнаружили каналы и канавы, которые позволили народу Пуэбло орошать 250 000 акров сельскохозяйственных угодий.

Люди называли народ Апачи соседями народа Пуэбло. Апачи никогда не были постоянными фермерами. Они странствовали по пустыням и горам маленькими группами, охотясь на оленей и собирая дикие растения, орехи и корни. Они также добывали еду, нападая и грабя своих соседей, народ Пуэбло. Апачи были жестокими и воинственными, народ Пуэбло страшились их.

A. Complete the chart given below.

factual errors
lexical errors
grammatical errors
syntactical and punctuation errors
stylistic errors

B. Find all kinds of transformations used in this translation and comment on their relevance in each case. Give your own translation.

English phrase or sentence	Translation transformation	Your comment on its relevance	Russian phrase or sentence

С. Read the following article and translate it into Russian.

Potlatches

A potlatch is a gift-giving feast practiced by indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of Canada and the United States, among whom it is traditionally the primary economic system. This includes the Heiltsuk, Haida, Nuxalk, Tlingit, Makah, Tsimshian, Nuu-chahnulth, Kwakwaka'wakw, and CoastSalish cultures.

Potlatches are also a common feature of the peoples of the Interior and of the Subarctic adjoining the Northwest Coast, though mostly without the elaborate ritual and gift-giving economy of the coastal peoples. Potlatches went through a history of rigorous ban by both the Canadian and United States federal governments, continuing underground despite the risk of criminal punishment, and have been studied by many anthropologists. Since the practice was de-criminalized in the post-war years, the potlatch has re-emerged in some communities.

The word comes from the Chinook Jargon, meaning "to give away" or "a gift"; originally from the Nuu-chah-nulth word, to make a ceremonial gift in a potlatch.

(from: Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch)