The essence of risk is reflected in the following elements: 


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The essence of risk is reflected in the following elements:



- the possibility of deviations from the intended goal;

 - probability of achieving the desired result; 

- lack of confidence in achieving the goal; 

- the possibility of material, moral and other losses associated with the implementation of the alternative chosen under conditions of uncertainty. 

 

The main causes of uncertainty are:

- spontaneity of natural processes and phenomena, natural disasters;

 - randomness of socio-economic and technological processes; 

- probabilistic nature of scientific and technological progress; 

- insufficiency of information about the investigated object, process, phenomenon; - limited resources when making and implementing decisions; 

- limited conscious human activity, differences in socio-psychological attitudes, assessments, behavior. 

 

Now in the literature there are two approaches to the definition of risk. The first approach is based on the outcome of the event, and the risk is considered as an opportunity or threat to reject the results of specific decisions or actions from the expected. In the second approach, the phenomenon of risk itself is considered as an action aimed at achieving a specific goal related to elements of danger, the threat of loss or failure. 

The main objective of all risk management systems in any field is to make the most effective use of scientific achievements and available limited resources to make the results of activities as predictable as possible (that is, to reduce as much as possible the uncertainty with respect to these results). 

Analyzing the structure of risk, we can identify the main ways to change it (ie, management) due to the impact on individual elements of risk. Elimination of at least one basic element entails the disappearance of risk. Reducing the probability of a transition between elements or the severity of the consequences, you can reduce the risk. The variety of risks and methods of management requires systematization, which they try to do within the framework of risk management.

In socioeconomic systems, the subsystem responsible for risk management has traditionally been called "risk management" since the mid-20th century. Initially used only in the framework of entrepreneurial activity, this term and the management principles behind it are now applied in the social sphere, in technology, and when working in financial markets. 

There is a normative definition, given in GOST R 51897-2002:

Risk management - coordinated actions to manage and manage the organization in terms of risk. The main goal of risk management is to improve the financial results of the enterprise and to create such conditions so that it does not receive more losses than allowable. The process of risk management consists in the study and analysis of the probability of accidental harm, the development of a system for recognizing risk, perhaps most effectively reducing it to a minimum or eliminating. 

In research on risks, two approaches can be distinguished: objective and philosophical. The objective approach is based on the understanding of some rational person and proceeds from the premise that there is the possibility of knowing objective reality. In the philosophical approach it is noted that reality cannot be comprehensively described. 

A critical analysis of approaches to determining the content of risk management processes allowed us to formulate our own list of risk management steps, which should include the six most significant phases, namely:

- risk identification; 

- risk analysis; 

- consideration of alternatives to risk management; 

- evaluation of various options;

 - adoption of a management decision in the field of risk; 

- control of the risk management process. 

When managing risk in an enterprise, priority should be given to such areas as production, logistics, development research. To manage risk, methods of risk preservation and compensation of damage, creation of reserve funds, attraction of external sources should be used; reduce and eliminate risk, reduce the likelihood of adverse events; transfer of liability for risk through insurance, financial guarantees and guarantees, entering into the contracts and contracts of risk provisions. 

The main principles of building a risk management system include: optimal combinations of centralization and decentralization in management, the unity of political and economic management, planned management, stimulation, scientific character, responsibility, selection and placement of personnel, efficiency.



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