Part III. Texts for written translation.. 52

Part III. Texts for written translation.. 52

References. 61

Предисловие

 

Данное учебное пособие имеет целью развитие коммуникативной компетенции – умения получать, перерабатывать и передавать информацию научного и научно-популярного характера. Практическое назначение пособия обусловливает его структуру и содержание.

Первая часть представляет собой коррективный курс грамматики, организованный и отобранный по принципу функционирования в научной и научно-популярной речи. Грамматические правила иллюстрируются примерами, содержащими специальную лексику и сопровождаются упражнениями на узнавание грамматического явления, а также закрепление языкового и речевого навыка.

Вторая часть содержит аутентичные тексты социологической направленности, предназначенные для формирования навыков ознакомительного и изучающего чтения, а также тезисного изложения содержания в письменном виде.

В третьей части представлены оригинальные тексты для развития навыков письменного перевода.

Данное пособие также предусматривает развитие межкультурной компетенции. Использование аутентичных материалов позволяет знакомить студентов с культурой, общественными процессами, особенностями менталитета и жизни социума страны изучаемого языка. Осознание учащимися того, что они имеют дело с источником информации, которыми пользуются носители языка, повышает практическую значимость владения иностранным языком.

Материалы пособия апробированы на занятиях со студентами заочной формы обучения факультета социологии и философии.

Данное пособие может быть использовано для занятий с бакалаврами дневной формы обучения, а также для самостоятельного приобретения навыков чтения и перевода научных текстов социологической направленности.

Part I. Grammar revision

The Simple Sentence

Таблица 1. Порядок слов в повествовательном предложении

Обстоятельство времени	Подлежащее	Сказуемое	Дополнение	Обстоятельство
	Scholars	have identified	four models of migration	since 1945.
In recent years	globalization	has become	a hotly debated topic.
	Sociologists	obtain	information	by different means.

Прямое дополнение употребляется непосредственно после глагола:

Auguste Comte invented the word “Sociology”.

Беспредложное косвенное дополнение всегда стоит между глаголом и прямым дополнением:

Auguste Comte gave sociology its name.

 

Предложное косвенное употребляется после прямого:

A sociologist reports the research findings to the wider academic community.

Sociology has many practical implications for our lives.

Порядок следования обстоятельств: образа действия, места, времени.

Other groups are clustered disproportionately in substandard accommodation or the social housing sector.

Herbert Spenser published the first of his three-volume “Principles of Sociology” in England in1876.

Определение может относиться к любому существительному независимо от его функции в предложении и стоять как перед определяемым существительным, так и после него.

В научной литературе часто встречаются препозитивные определения, выраженные существительным в общем падеже. На русский язык такое существительное обычно переводится прилагательным:

satellite communication

data on German income patterns

government organizations

Порядок расстановки прилагательных-определений перед существительным:

· сначала прилагательное, выражающее субъективное мнение: nice, interesting, beautiful

· затем перманентные объективные характеристики в следующем порядке: how big? how old? what shape? what colour? where from? what is it made of? what for?

 

Прилагательные-определения после существительного

1. Некоторые прилагательные могут ставиться как перед определяемым существительным, так и после него, обычно – с разницей в смысле:

The person responsible was asked to come.

Попросили прийти ответственное лицо.

Give the task to a responsible person.

Дайте это задание человеку ответственному.

Другие подобные прилагательные: present, concerned, involved, possible, available, conceivable, suitable, proper.

2. Прилагательные всегда ставятся после неопределенных местоимений типа somebody/something.

something important

nothing new

 

Место наречий в предложении

1. Наречия, выражающие частоту или регулярность событий: often, seldom, sometimes, always, ever, never; относительное время: just, still; степень: almost, nearly, hardly; местоимения all, both занимают место перед знаменательным глаголом и после вспомогательного или модального глагола, или be.

2. Наречие enough ставится перед существительным и после прилагательного или наречия.

The Complex Sentence

Виды придаточных предложений

 

1. Придаточное предложение-подлежащее

Вводятся союзами whether, if, that и союзными словами who, what, which, when, where, how, why. Оканчивается перед вторым сказуемым в сложном предложении.

1) That working women continue to be primarily responsible for domestic work has lead the American sociologist Arlie Hochschild to speak of the “second shift”.

2) Whether or not women have dependent children has a major impact on their participation in the paid labour force.

 

2. Придаточное предложение – предикативный член

Вводятся союзами и whether, that, if, as if и союзными словами whether, if, that, where, how, why. Всегда стоят после глагола-связки, чаще всего to be. При переводе часто применяется коррелятивная частица то в соответствующем падеже, которая ставится перед союзом.

1) One of the main debates within the sociology of organizations is whether we are witnessing the process of debureaucratization or if bureaucracies remain the typical organizational form within society.

2) One of the results of more women entering paid work is that certain traditional family patterns are being renegotiated.

 

3. Придаточное дополнительное предложение

Вводятся союзами whether, if, that и союзными словами who, what, which, when, where, how, why. Обычно придаточное дополнительное стоит после сказуемого. Перевод затруднений не вызывает.

1) Weber did not believe that structures existed external to or independent of individuals.

2) He arguedthat human motivation and ideas were the forces behind change.

4. Придаточное определительное предложение

Относится только к существительным (и заменяющим их частям речи) и стоит обычно после определяемого существительного, независимо от того, каким членом предложения оно является. Вводится союзными словами that, which, who, where, when.

Оно может относиться к подлежащему. Запятыми не выделяется. Признак определительного предложения – положение после существительного; начинается союзным словом, заканчивается перед вторым сказуемым. Например:

1) Clients who are met with smiles and told to “have a nice day” are more likely to become repeat customers. (Подлежащим этого определительного придаточного предложения является who, так как оно стоит перед сказуемым are met).

2) A particularly important cultural influence that affects the character and pace of change is the nature of communication system.

3) The view that class inequalities largely govern gender stratification was often an unstated assumption until quite recently.

 

Определительное придаточное относится к дополнению:

1) In contrast to other social sciences, sociology emphasizes the influence that society has on people’s attitudes and behaviour.

2) By contrast, sociologists focus on the social networks that develop among many gamblers.

3)Weber identified key sociological debates that remain central for sociologists today.

5. Обстоятельственные придаточные предложения

Обычное их место – в начале или конце сложного предложения. Внешний признак – специфические союзы (when, as, as soon as, while, after, until, since, although, so that, in order to, where, because, if, provided, unless, how, in what degree) и запятая, которой они обычно отделяются от главного, если придаточное стоит перед главным. Придаточные обстоятельственные предложения, стоящие внутри главного, выделяются запятыми с двух сторон. Если после главного – запятая не ставится. На русский переводятся придаточными обстоятельствами с соответствующими союзами.

 

Придаточное уступки:

Although Marx focused most of his attention on capitalism and modern society, he also examined how societies had developed over the course of history.

Придаточные времени:

1) While Merton emphasized individual deviant responses to the tension between values and means, Cohen saw the responses ocurring collectively through subcultures.

2) As societies grew more complex, it became impossible for status always to be accorded in this way.

 

Придаточное причины:

Enrico’s work was typical of many jobs in the industrial era, because it involved physical labour that produced tangible results.

 

Придаточное цели:

In order to test a hypothesis and determine if it is supported or refuted, researchers need to collect information.

 

Бессоюзное присоединение придаточных:

 

The conclusion they made confirmed the original hypothesis.

The 13, 881 men and women the researchers questioned had registered at least once in the Salvation Army during a 14-month period.

Translate the sentences:

1. Sociologists focus on the social networks.

2. Sociology deals with families, religions, political parties, business firms, etc.

3. It is concerned with poverty, discrimination, alienation, overpopulation and community.

4. Sociologists identify patterns of social behaviour.

5. The sociological perspective provides explanations for these patterns.

6. Sociological imagination can bring new understanding to daily life around us.

7. Economists explore the ways in which people produce and exchange goods and services.

8. Historians are concerned with the peoples and events of the past.

9. Psychologists investigate personality and individual behaviour.

10. Political scientists study international relations.

11. Sociology emphasizes the influence that society has on people’s behaviour.

12. Sociologists scientifically examine our social relationships with other people.

13. They test each piece of information and analyze it in relationship to other data.

14. Social scientists view social phenomena from several perspectives.

15. Sociological approach involves seeing through the outside appearances of people’s actions.

16. Sociologists attempt to understand the shared feelings of people.

17. Anthropologists are interested in the cultures of the past.

18. Macrosociology concentrates on large-scale phenomena.

19. Microsociology stresses study of small groups.

20. Sociologists employ both of these approaches.

21. Сriminologists specialize in illegal behaviour, while sociologists are concerned with the whole range of human behaviour.

22. Маny people questioned have suddenly discovered hidden skills and their desire to achieve something.

23. When the Canadian sociologists analyzed their data on female status attainment, they also found some surprising results.

24. Although the furnishings and the equipment in this home for the terminally ill show that the Moscow authorities have invested considerable funds in this project, the city budget is still limited.

25. Since cultural norms affect such a wide range of human activities, the concept of deviance is correspondingly broad.

The Noun

Имя существительное

В предложении имя существительное может употребляться в функции любого члена предложения, а также в качестве именной части сказуемого.

В английском языке два падежа: общий и притяжательный.

 

Английские имена существительные в общем падеже с предлогами выражают отношения, передаваемые всеми русскими косвенными падежами без предлогов:

· русский родительный падеж передается английским существительным с предлогом of;

· русский дательный падеж передается английским существительным с предлогом to;

· русский творительный падеж передается английским существительным с by, with;

· русский предложный падеж передается английским существительным с предлогом about.

 

В притяжательном падеже употребляются, как правило, только одушевленные существительные. Однако в форме притяжательного падежа могут также употребляться:

 

1. страны, города, суда, слова earth, world, country, city, ship.

London is Great Britain’s greatest industrial and cultural centre.

the earth’s rotation

the world’s population

the city’s authorities

 

2. существительные, обозначающие время:

A month’s holiday

A week’s absence

An hour’s walk

 

3. существительные, обозначающие расстояние:

a mile’s distance

 

4. существительные, обозначающие организации:

The government’s decision

The company’s success

 

5. некоторые наречия и местоимения:

today’s newspaper

yesterday’s business talks

somebody’s cargo

 

The plural

Множественное число существительных

 

Таблица 2. Образование множественного числа

ед.ч	перевод	мн.ч
a man a woman a person	человек, мужчина женщина человек, персона	men women people (persons)
a people a study a survey a datum a curriculum an index a memorandum	народ, нация исследование опрос, анкетирование данная величина учебный план индекс, показатель меморандум, служебная записка	peoples studies surveys data curricula indices memoranda
a basis a crisis a phenomenon a criterion a formula	основа, базис кризис явление критерий формула, формулировка	bases crises phenomena criteria formulae

 

Следующие существительные употребляются в единственном числе: money, progress, vacation, information, knowledge, advice, news, athletics, gymnastics, mathematics, physics, electronics, economics, politics

 

Следующие существительные имеют одинаковую форму для единственного и множественного числа: a means – means, a series – series, a species – species, a headquarters – headquarters, a works – works, a staff – staff.

The Adjective

Имя прилагательное

 

Таблица 3. Степени сравнения многосложных имен прилагательных:

Положительная	Перевод	Сравнительная	Превосходная
Effective	эффективный	more effective	the most effective
Significant	значительный	more significant	the most significant
Important	важный	more important	the most important
Modern	современный	more modern	the most modern
Popular	популярный	more popular	the most popular
Accessible	доступный	more accessible	the most accessible
Fruitful	плодотворный	more fruitful	the most fruitful
Advantageous	выгодный	more advantageous	the most advantageous
Serious	серьезный	more serious	the most serious
Substantial	существенный	more substantial	the most substantial
Considerable	значительный	moreconsiderable	the most considerable
Vulnerable	уязвимый	more vulnerable	the most vulnerable
Responsible	ответственный	more responsible	the most responsible
Available	доступный	more available	the most available
Controversial	спорный	morecontroversial	the most controversial
Productive	продуктивный	more productive	the most productive
useful	полезный	moreuseful	the most useful
recent	недавний, свежий	more recent	the most recent

TO BE + прилагательное, соответствующее в русском языке глаголу

(не употребляются в функции определений)

to be absent	отсутствовать	to be ill	болеть
to be afraid	бояться	to be interested in	интересоваться
to be angry	сердиться	to be late	опаздывать
to be anxious	беспокоиться	to be mistaken	ошибаться
to be aware	осознавать	to be nervous	нервничать
to be busy	заниматься	to be present	присутствовать
to be cold	мерзнуть	to be proud of	гордиться
to be confused	смущаться	to be sleepy	хотеть спать
to be content	довольствоваться	to be sorry	сожалеть
to be delighted	восхищаться	to be surprised	удивляться
to be disappointed	разочароваться	to be tired	устать
to be engaged in	заниматься	to be upset	огорчаться
to be fond of	увлекаться	to be used to	привыкнуть
to be frightened	испугаться	to be worried	беспокоиться
to be glad	радоваться	to be worth	стоить
to be hungry	быть голодным

The Verb

Глагол

Таблица 4. Видо-временные формы действительного залога. Active Voice

	Present	Past	Future	Future in-the-Past
Simple (Indefinite)	He writesletters every day	He wrote a letter yesterday	He will write a letter tomorrow	(He said that) he would write a letter the next day
Continuous (Progressive)	He is writing a letter now	He was writing a letter at 5 o`clock yesterday	He will be writing a letter at 5 o`clock tomorrow	(He said that) he would be writinga letter at 5 o`clock the next day
Perfect	He hasalready writtena letter	He had written a letter by 5 o`clock yesterday	He will have writtena letter by 5 o`clock tomorrow	(He said that) he would have written a letter by 5 o`clock the next day
Perfect Continuous (Perfect Progressive)	He has been writing a letter since morning	He had been writing a letter for two hours when I came	He will have been writinga letter for two hours when I come	(He said that) he would have been writing a letter for two hours when I came

PRESENT SIMPLE

 

1.. Change the following sentences according to the model:

Pattern: I study social psychology.

He studies social psychology.

1. I want to achieve good results.

2. I deny his point of view.

3. I consider his theory to be true.

4. I make conclusions after each experiment.

5. I apply new methods of research.

6. I make testing at the laboratory.

7. I compare the results of the experiment.

8. I reject this hypothesis.

 

2. Change the following sentences into general questions:

Pattern: He makes testing at the laboratory.

Does he make testing at the laboratory?

1. He applies the new method for his investigation.

2. The psychologist rejects this idea.

3. The scientist applies new devices.

4. The investigator uses testing in his research.

5. He considers them to be right.

6. She gives instructions to the students.

7. He gradually achieves good progress in his studies.

8. She denies such hasty conclusions.

 

3. Make the following sentences negative:

Pattern: I consider him to be right.

I don't consider him to be right.

1. I reject his position.

2. I make proper conclusions.

3. I apply his method for my experiments.

4. I study the problem of group dynamics.

5. I compare the experimental data.

6. I use the latest data in my research.

7. I deny their approach.

8. I achieve good results on the basis of his method.

 

4. Ask your partner:

1. where he makes experiments;

2. what problem he investigates;

3. where he applies his method of research;

4. what latest data he uses;

5. whose position he considers to be right;

6. whose approach he denies;

7. what results he wants to achieve;

8. when he goes to the psychological laboratory

 

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

 

1. Answer the question: «What are you doing now?»

Pattern: I am answering the questions.

1. measure weight

2. perform a task

3. solve a problem

4. make testing

5. compare experimental results

6. make an inquiry

7. investigate the effects of environment

8. watch the conduct of the respondents

 

2. Complete the following sentences:
Pattern: He is.. (measure the length).

He is measuring the length now.

1. She is... (make an experiment).

2. She is... (watch the testing process).

3. He is... (solve a problem).

4. She is... (register the students' answers).

5. The student is... (copy the experimental data).

6. The subject is... (perform a task).

7. The scientist is... (compare the data).

8. He is …(investigate the data)

 

3. Change the following sentences into general questions:

Pattern: They are working in the laboratory now.

Are they working in the laboratory now?

1. They are reading the data of the device.

2. You are making an inquiry.

3. They are testing the students.

4. We are solving a complex problem.

5. You are watching their behaviour.

6. We are recording the data.

7. You are making an experiment.

8. They are comparing the data.

 

4. Change the following sentences by using the model «to be going to»:

Pattern: We intend to make an experiment.

We are going to make an experiment.

1.1 plan to watch his behaviour.

2. He intends to interview a group of students.

3. She wants to solve this problem by all means.

4. We intend to take part in his investigation.

5. They plan to apply a new method.

6. I want to use his analysis.

7. He intends to compare the new data.

8. She plans to finish the experiment soon.

 

5. Answer the following questions:

Pattern: What are you going to do tonight?

(to work at the library)

I am going to work at the library.

1. What is he going to do today?

(to perform a task)

2. What is she going to do next week?

(to make an experiment)

3. What are they going to do now?

(to observe this phenomenon)

4. What is he going to do tonight?

(to finish his work)

5. What is she going to do next year?

(to continue her investigation)

6. What are they going to do tomorrow?

(to copy experimental data)

PAST SIMPLE

1. Change the following sentences by using the verb in Past Simple instead of the model «used to»:

Pattern: I used to make inquiry in the laboratory.

I made inquiry in the laboratory.

1. He used to behave quite well.

2. We used to obtain good results.

3. They used to present the data in due time.

4. I used to settle such questions easily.

5. He used to pose interesting problems.

6. She used to apply various methods.

7. We used to introduce new factors.

8. They used to display good knowledge.

 

2. Change the following sentences into a negative form:

Pattern: He displayed good knowledge of this subject.

He didn't display good knowledge of this subject.

1. Last time he behaved well.

2. They obtained interesting data.

3. She applied a new approach.

4. We introduced new subjects.

5. I settled this question easily.

6. He made a great contribution to developing science.

7. She differentiated these factors by a new scheme.

8. They presented interesting conclusions.

9. We analyzed his behaviour.

10. I accepted their point of view.

 

3. Change the following sentences into an interrogative form:

Pattern: He rejected her point of view.

Did he reject her point of view?

1. I obtained certain conclusions.

2. He applied a new way of thinking.

3. She accepted his approach.

4. We presented our position.

5. She made a great contribution to this research.

6. He achieved new results.

7. They displayed good knowledge of this problem.

8. We described a new method in detail.

 

4. Ask questions starting with «when».

Pattern: He described this phenomenon last year.

When did he describe this phenomenon?

1. They applied the new approach last Monday.

2. He came to this conclusion yesterday.

3. She obtained interesting results after her investigation.

4. I settled this question in the evening.

5. He observed her behaviour after testing.

6. They interviewed agroup of students before the classes.

7. She achieved a certain step in her observation last week.

8. We studied their behaviour in the process of the experiment.

 

5. Ask questions starting with «where». Pattern:

Pattern: She introduced new elements into the experiment.

Where did she introduce new elements?

1. He obtained new data in the laboratory.

2. We got various results in the investigation.

3. She applied his approach to this problem in her inquiry.

4. They presented the new material in their paper.

5. He introduced new testing at the plant.

6. We asked a lot of questions at the office.

7. She made a great contribution to sociology.

8. He carried out a survey in this region.

PRESENT PERFECT

 

1. Change the predicates in the sentences from Present Progressive into Present Perfect:

Pattern: I am not writing a report now.

I have written it already.

1. We are not analyzing the data now.

2. I am not making an experiment now.

3. I am not comparing the data now.

4. We are not recording the results now.

5. I am not observing his behaviour now.

6. We are not solving a problem now.

7. We are not discussing his approach now.

8. I am not reporting on my conclusions now.

 

2. Change the sentences from Present Progressive into Present Perfect negative:

Pattern: He is solving a problem now.

He hasn't solved the problem yet.

1. She is considering this hypothesis now.

2. He is making analyses now.

3. He is thinking the matter over now.

4. She is watching this phenomenon now.

5. He is describing his pictures now.

6. She is demonstrating some experiments now.

7. He is introducing a new device now.

8. She is performing atask now.

 

3. Change the following sentences into an interrogative form:

Pattern: We have finished this experiment.

Have you finished this experiment?

1. I have applied the new approach lately.

2. He has achieved good knowledge.

3. She has obtained productive results.

4. We have considered the issue already.

5. They have just spoken to the leading sociologist.

6. I have accepted his point of view.

7. He has rejected his hypothesis.

8. They have demonstrated their method recently.

 

4. Change the following indirect questions into direct ones:

Pattern: Ask your friend why he has finished his experiment.

Why have you finished your experiment?

1. Ask your friend where she has made measurements.

2. Ask your friend why he hasn't taken part in the interview.

3. Ask your friend what conclusion he has made.

4. Ask your friend what results they have achieved.

5. Ask your friend what she has obtained under new conditions.

6. Ask your friend where they have applied this technique.

7. Ask your friend why she hasn't reported on her data.

8. Ask your friend why he has rejected his hypothesis.

 

Таблица 5. Видо-временные формы английского глагола в страдательном залоге. (PASSIVE VOICE)

	Present	Past	Future	Future in-the-Past
Simple (Indefinite)	Books are written every day. Книги пишутся каждый день	The book was writtenyesterday. Книга была написана вчера	The book will be written tomorrow. Книга будет написана завтра	(He said that) the book would be written the next day. (Он сказал что), книга будет написана завтра
Continuous (Progressive)	The book is being written now. Книга пишется сейчас	The book was being written at 2 o`clock yesterday. Книга писалась вчера в 2 часа	Не используется	Не используется
Perfect	The book hasjustbeen written. Книга только что была написана	The book had been written by 2 o`clock yesterday. Книга была написана вчера к 2 часам	The book will have been writtenby 2 o`clock tomorrow. Книга будет написана завтра к 2 часам	(He said that) the book would have been written by 2 o`clock the next day. (Он сказал, что) книга будет написана к 2 часам завтра

Translate the following sentences:

1. In ancient times science was treated simply as a system of statements.

2. This simple rule is followed by the majority of authors.

3. This problem has been approached by many scholars on various grounds in different countries.

4. The method I have been describing in the text is, of course, one that is followed by all of us.

5. Men are distinguished from other forms of life on earth
by their social production of the material means of life.

6. Sensations are not merely passively received, but are obtained in the course of human activity.

7. Two answers have been given to this question, neither of

8. them satisfactory.

9. The investigations of living organisms showed how all forms of life are developed from cells.

10. Special attention is being given to this phenomenon.

11. The problem cannot be finally solved.

12. Hypotheses have to be tested by all means.

13. A person's roles are to be understood in the light of his own pattern of hereditary and environmental influences.

14. There are circumstances which cannot be avoided.

15. Nearly all people in the world are being used, with or without their knowledge, in the struggle between ideologies.

Conditional sentences

Условные предложения

Таблица 6.

Тип	Придаточное предложение	Главное предложение	Пример	Перевод
Реальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему времени	Present Simple	Future Simple	If I have money I will buy a car	Если у меня будут деньги, я куплю машину
Нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему времени	Past Simple	Future Simple-in-the Past	If I were a princes I would live in a palace	Если бы я была принцессой, я бы жила во дворце
Нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому времени	Past Perfect	Future Simple-in-the Past	If I had had money last year I would have bought a car	Если бы у меня были деньги в прошлом году, я бы купил машину
Смешанный тип условных предложений	Past Simple	Future Simple-in-the Past	If you knew English you would have got good job last year	Если бы ты знал английский (вообще) ты бы получил хорошую работу в прошлом году

 

1. Tr anslate the sentences:

1. The problem would be very simple if that solution were possible.

2. If we had analyzed the results of the experiment in time we should have taken another course in our studies.

3. Provided we had at least two experimental groups we should start the investigation at once.

4. If the subjects were given all the necessary instructions they would respond in a right way.

5. If he had chosen a definite aim he would have succeeded in research.

6. Unless the poll were carried out on a national level the data would not be true.

7. If he had been more careful he would have received more concrete results.

8. If I were you I should never accept his offer.

9. I could have agreed with you if you had been right.

10. But for the circumstances they would not have taken such a decision.

11. They would be only glad if you participated in the work at this project.

12. In case of his success he would be invited to take that office.

13. If he had more time at his disposal he would do this job with pleasure.

14. If the ecological problems had been solved in due time we should not have spoken too much of the pollution.

15. If his story had been told about beforehand some urgent measures would have been taken.

 

2 .Ttranslate the sentences:

1. She speaks as if she were an expert in this particular field of psychology.

2. They look as if they were working at this problem all night long.

3. His survey was so accurate and detailed as if he had been investigating this subject all his life.

4. They are discussing this matter as if they were engaged in this project for a long time.

5. His business turned out to be a success as if he had had a great experience in such affairs before.

6. He speaks English so fluently as though he had lived in England since his childhood.

7. He was reasonable jn his offer as though he had been taught to communicate effectively.

8. 8. The situation at the labour market is so drastic as though nothing could be done to relieve it.

 

 

The Modal verbs

Модальные глаголы

Таблица 7.

Verb	Перевод	Present	Past	Future
Can	Умение, способность, возможность, разрешение, просьба в вежливой форме	You can do it	You could do it	You will be able to do it
May	Разрешение, при not – запрещение, предположение с сомнением	We may go	We might go	We will be allowed to go
Must	Обязанность, долженствование, твердая необходимость, логич. заключение	We must do it. We need not do it	We had to do it. We were no to come here	We will have to do it
Shall	Намерение, предположение	I shall do it	You shouldread it
Will	Желание, твердое намерение, воля, уверенность в будущем	I willgo there	I would go there
Ought to	Моральный долг, настоятельный совет, строгая рекомендация	You ought you write this letter
Need	Отсутствие необходимости, необязательность	Need he work so late? We need not have hurried
Dare	Сметь, посметь (в вопросе и отрицании - не сметь), дерзнуть, осмелиться	How dare you speak to me? He dare not tell it to me
Used to	Бывало (обозначает повторявшееся в прошлом действие)		He used to live in Leeds. Usedhe?
Should	Обязанность (менее сильная, чем must), совет, рекомендация, упрек, порекание, сожаление	He should not smoke so much. You should not cut your hair
Would	Желание (с глаг. like), вежливая просьба, прошлая привычка	Would you like to come again? Would you mind coming again?
Have to	Вынужденность, обязанность	I have to read this book	I hadto read this book yesterday	I will have to read this book tomorrow
Be to	Долженствование в силу договоренности или плана	I am to study English	I was to study English	I will be to study English

Translate the sentences:

1. Good research should help us to understand our social lives in a new way.

2. To achieve these aims, we must know the most useful research methods to apply in a given study and how best to analyze the results.

3. In sociology we need to look not only at existing societies in relation to one another, but also to compare their present and past.

4. We always need to interpret what facts mean, and to do so we must learn to pose theoretical questions.

5. To understand the nature of the modern world, we have to look at previous forms of society and analyze the main direction that processes of change have taken.

6. Thus we can investigate, for example, how the first prisons originated and what they are like today.

7. On the basis of her research with the flight attendants, Hochschild was able to add a new dimension to the way sociologists think about the world of work.

8. As liberal democracy is becoming so widespread, we might expect it to be working in a highly successful way.

9. The census data should also give a more accurate assessment of Britain’ Muslim population, which has been estimated at between 1 and 3 million people.

10. Secularization can be evaluated according to a number of aspects or dimensions.

11. Churches and temples have to be sold off, or are in a state of disrepair.

12. First, religion should not be identified with monotheism.

13. We need to recognize the diversity of religious beliefs and modes of conduct.

14. According to some observers, which women tend to perform – domestic work, childcare, professional responsibilities – may increase the stress on women and contribute to higher rates of illness.

15. The impact of science and technology on how we live may be largely driven by economic factors, but it also stretches beyond the economic sphere.

16. Like Marx, Max Weber cannot simply be labeled a sociologist; his interests and concerns ranged across many areas.

17. There are a large number of possible causes that could be invoked to explain any given correlation.

18. A sociologist carrying out ethnographic research might work or live with a group organization or community for a period of months or even years.

19. This was because it was believed that an ethnographer could present objective pictures of the things they studied.

20. Those who conduct the interviews and those who analyze the results could not do their work effectively if they constantly had to check with each other about ambiguities in the questions or answers.

The Gerund

Герундий

 

Герундий – неличная форма глагола, обозначающая действие и имеющая свойства как глагола, так и имени существительного. Он образуется от основы неопределенной формы глагола прибавлением окончания –ing. Герундий переводится на русский язык при помощи отглагольного существительного, инфинитива или придаточного предложения

 

Таблица 8. Формы герундия:

залог вид	Active	Passive
Simple	Не likes telling tales. рассказывать	He likes being told tales. чтобы ему рассказывали
Perfect	He is proud of having spoken to this person. что поговорил	He is proud of having been spoken to. что с ним поговорили

 

Предлоги, после которых может употребляться герундий:

as a result of besides in spite of by

in favour of without despite for

against what about instead of after

as well as how about on before

 

Прилагательные, после которых употребляется герундий:

to be afraid of	to be interested in
to be busy	to be responsible for
to be engaged in	to be tired of
to be fond of	to be used to
to be good at	to be worth

 

 

Глаголы, после которых употребляется герундий:

to avoid	to keep
to admit	to like
to burst out	to mind (в вопросит. и отриц. предлож.)
cannot help	to need
to consider	to postpone
to deny	to practise
to dislike	to prefer
to excuse	to put off
to forgive	to regret
to give up	to remember
to go on	to stop
to involve	to try

 

Глаголы и выражения, требующие после себя герундия с определенными предлогами:

to accuse of	to insist on
to agree to	to look forward to
to apologize for	to object to
to approve of	to persist in
to congratulate on	to prevent from
to depend on	to rely on
to dream of	to succeed in
to feel like	to suspect of
to give up the idea of	to thank for
to inform of	to think of

 

The Gerundive constructions

Обороты с герундием

His being tired after his hard work is quite natural.

То, что он устал после тяжелой работы, вполне естественно.

His having been absent at the meeting is easily explained.

То, что он отсутствовал на собрании, легко объяснимо.

I heard of the bridge being built.

Я слышал, что мост строится.

I heard of the bridge having been built.

Я слышал, что мост уже построен.

We understood the importance of this problem being solved practically.

Мы поняли важность того, чтобы эта проблема была решена практически.

By listening attentively we at last understood everything.

Слушая внимательно, мы наконец поняли все.

 

Translate the sentences:

1. He couldn’t leave without receiving necessary information.

2. They couldn’t come to an agreement without hearing his opinion.

3. Sleeping rough is a dangerous business.

4. They found out the reason rather easily without making any efforts.

5. They couldn’t help hurrying with this project.

6. Deciding how far informal procedures generally help or hinder the effectiveness of organizations is not a simple matter.

7. Their having violated this taboo may lead to tense relationships.

8. His having misinterpreted their nonverbal behaviour led to complete misunderstanding.

9. The subjects will be tested individually by being given simple problems to solve.

10. Without trying to determine the direction of the discussion we shall mention the problems touched upon in the papers presented.

11. There are two ways of studying social mobility.

12. His having been invited to participate in the international conference on the problems of violating human rights is an evident fact.

13. They are surprised at their having obtained such unexpected results after having tried a great number of different methods.

14. There is no special need in using a trial-and-error method.

15. They succeeded in having achieved the desired conclusions.

16. His being an expert in this particular field of science is known to everybody.

17. She insisted on his having been included into the working group.

18. By making experiments in compliance with new demands you will obtain necessary data.

19. He is greatly interested in collecting and analyzing the data.

20. One of the results of more women entering paid work is that certain traditional family patterns are being renegotiated.

 

The Participle

Причастие

Причастие – это неличная форма глагола, которая соответствует в русском языке причастию и деепричастию. Причастие подразделяется на причастие I (причастие настоящего времени) и причастие II (причастие прошедшего времени). Причастие I образуется прибавлением к инфинитиву окончания –ing, и имеет время, вид и залог.

 

Таблица 9. Формы причастия I

залог вид	Active	Passive
Simple	reading читающий; читая	being read читаемый; будучи читаемым
Perfect	having read прочитав (уже, до чего-то)	having been read будучи прочитанным (уже; до чего-то)

 

Причастие II – это 3 форма глагола. Оно имеет страдательное значение, его форма неизменяема, то есть не имеет ни временных, ни залоговых, ни видовых различий.

read - прочитанный

done - сделанный

founded – основанный

Participial constructions

Обороты с причастиями

Working at this problem, the scientists have made interesting discoveries.

Работая над этой проблемой, ученые сделали интересные открытия.

Being built in a modern style, the house looked very beautiful.

Будучи построенным в современном стиле, этот дом выглядел очень красивым.

Having been subjected to all the tests, the machine was accepted.

Будучи подвергнут всем испытаниям, станок был принят.

The professor spoke of the achievements in our economy, his lecture being illustrated by diagrams.

Профессор говорил о достижениях в нашей экономике, и его лекция иллюстри