I. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами.

1. I’m sorry, I ______ join you on Wednesday.

a) cannot b) cannot to c) don’t can to d) don’t can

2. He ______ pass the exam.

a) didn’t can b) could not c) could not to

3. I ______ to go hiking with you.

a) shall be able b) shall can

4. This man ______ more than he says.
a) mays know b) may know c) may knows

5. ______ I say a few words?
a) may b) might

6. He forgot that the police ______ discover the truth.
a) may b) might c) would may

7. Tom has broken his leg. He _______ walk a lot. It is not good for him.

a) need not b) cannot c) may not

8. You _______ lend me your umbrella. I love walking in the rain.

a) may b) must c) need

9. He ______ see me in this situation.
a) doesn’t must b) must not

10. The company ________ postpone the loading because of some problems with transport.

a) must b) has to c) can

 

II. Раскройте скобки, обращая внимание на образование времен группы Continuous (Present, Past, Future).

1. I am tired. I (to go) to bed now. Good night!

2. Please don’t make so much noise. I (to work).

3. A funny thing (to happen) to me when I was sitting in a traffic jam.

4. This time last year I (to live) in India.

5. In a few year’s time more people (to use) plastic money.

6. The agreement (to expire) on the 30th of December.

III. Образуйте форму прошедшего времени в следующих глаголах.

To decide, to notice, to get, to read, to run, to sign, to agree, to buy, to bring, to see, to finish, to drink, to show.

IV. Поставьте следующие предложения в отрицательную и вопросительную форму.

1. He is attending the lecture of economics now.

2. Planets are going round the sun.

3. We were working on a new project all the day yesterday.

4. Sam Brown was working with clients, when the boss came to the office.

5. We shall be still working here in ten year’s time.

6. At ten o’clock tomorrow he will be working at his report.

V. Заполните пропуски словами much/many, few/little.

1. _____ of her advice was useful.

2. She wrote us _____letters from London.

3. Would you like _____ salad? – Yes, thank you. My doctor says it’s good for my health.

4. Our secretary knows German _____ and she can help you with the translation of this letter.

5. The hall was almost empty: there was very _____ people in it.

VI. Прочитайте текст и переведите его письменно.

 

Theory of Supply

The theory of supply is the theory of how much output firms choose to produce. The principal assumption of the supply theory is that the producer will maintain the level of output at which he maximizes his profit.

Profit can be defined in terms of revenue and cost. Revenue is what the firm earns by selling goods or services in a given period such as a year. Costs are the expenses which are necessary for producing and selling goods or services during the period. Profit is the revenue from selling the output minus the costs of inputs used.

Cost should include opportunity costs of all resources used in production. Opportunity cost of commodity is the amount obtained by an input in its best alternative use (best use elsewhere). In particular, costs include the owner’s time and effort in running a business. Costs also include the opportunity cost of the financial capital used in the firm.

Aiming to get higher profits, firms obtain each output level as cheaply as possible. Firms choose the optimal output level to receive the highest profits.

Making economic forecasts, it is necessary to know the effect of a price change on the whole output rather than the supply of individual firms.

Market supply is defined in terms of the alternative quantities of a commodity all firms in a particular market offer as price varies and as all other factors are assumed constant.

VII. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What is the principal assumption of the supply theory?

2. What is the difference between profit and revenue?

3. What is included in cost of production?

4. How do firms get maximum profits?

5. What is market supply? What is market supply important for?

VIII. Составьте предложения из двух подходящих по смыслу частей.

1. Market demand is	a. revenue minus cost.
2. An improvement of technology is a change that	b. the firm can select the output level maximizing its profit.
3. Profits are	c. paid out as dividends.
4. As long as the total demand and the total supply of the commodity remain equal,	d. the equilibrium price will remain unchanged.
5. Part of company’s profits is put back into the business rather than	e. makes it possible for firms to produce more goods with the same amount of resources as before.
6. With inflation, people have to increase expenditure because	f. how much the amount received is greater than the amounts paid.
7. Profit depends on	g. the total demand from all consumers.
8. Opportunity cost is the amount	h. old the level of expenditure in money terms now buys a smaller quantity of goods.
9. Examining how revenues and costs change with the level of output produced and sold	i. an input can obtain in its use elsewhere.

 

IX. Выпишите все коммерческие и экономические термины, которые встречались в тексте и переведите их на русский язык.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №2

Вариант 3

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса:

1. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

2. Времена группы Continuous (Present, Past, Future).

3. Основные формы глагола (правильные, неправильные).

4. Употребление much/many, few/little.

I. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами.

1. He ______ pass the exam.

didn’t can

could not

could not to

2. This man ______ more than he says.
mays know

may know

may knows

3. He forgot that the police ______ discover the truth.
may
might

would may

4. He ______ see me in this situation.
doesn’t must
must not

5. The company ________ postpone the loading, because of some problems with transport.

must

has to

can

6. She ______ look after her little sister.
Has to
Have to
haves to

7. The children ______ go to bed in time.
is to
are to

8. We’ve got plenty of time. We _____ hurry.
need not
cannot

9. I can go on my own. You _____ come with me.
may not
cannot
need not

10. Tom has broken his leg. He _______ walk a lot. It is not good for him.

need not

cannot

may not

II. Раскройте скобки, обращая внимание на образование времен группы Continuous (Present, Past, Future).

 

1. I am tired. I (to go) to bed now. Good night!

2. Be quite, please. I (to try) to write a report.

3. We (to held) negotiations, when the secretary brought coffee.

4. This time last year I (to live) in India.

5. The agreement (to expire) at 30th of December.

6. Don’t come to my place tomorrow. I (to write) a report.

 

III. Образуйте форму прошедшего времени в следующих глаголах.

to keep, to held, to fill, to develop, to load, to launch, to agree, to buy, to bring, to see, to finish, to get, to read.

IV. Поставьте следующие предложения в отрицательную и вопросительную форму.

1. Planets are going round the sun.

2. Mr. Brown is trying to find new clients.

3. They I was driving to London, when saw a house without roof.

4. We were working on a new project all the day yesterday.

5. At ten o’clock tomorrow he will be working at his report.

6. We shall be meeting our partners tomorrow at 4 p. m.

V. Заполните пропуски словами much/many, few/little.

1. At the conference we met _____ people whom we know well.

2. There are _____ things here which I cannot understand.

3. When we walked _____ farther down the road, we met another group of students.

4. Our secretary knows German _____ and she can help you with the translation of this letter.

5. She wrote us _____ letters from London.

VI. Прочитайте текст и переведите его письменно.

New Product Development

 

New product development is considered to be a continual preoccupation of the marketing-oriented company. The international marketer, however, has potentially an immense advantage in the important first stage of the innovation process: idea generation. New product ideas originate from many sources, e. g. the research and new product development laboratory, customer requirements or needs, etc. but one highly important source is ideas already generated, and already successfully developed in other parts of the world.

It is not enough to accept that this advantage exists. The international marketer must ensure that an organizational structure is developed to harvest and consider all ideas from afferent fields. For the exporter, this may mean no more than briefing and stimulating distributors, agents a company sales staff; for the multinational company it can constitute a major management function. In either case, the investment in management time is likely to pay off handsomely. If a new product is successfully is one market it will not necessary being successful in another.

One strategy open to the international marketer is product modification another the development of entirely new products to open up new markets. This approach is particularly relevant to developing nations, which often adopt the products of industrialized nations, which are not always suitable to the local scene.

 

VII. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

 

What is considered to be a continual preoccupation of the marketing-oriented company?

What do new product ideas originate from?

What do the international marketer must ensure?

Why the investment in management time is likely to pay off handsomely?

What is strategy for the international marketer?

 

VIII. Составьте предложения из двух подходящих по смыслу частей.

 

1. New product development is considered to be	a. e. g. the research and new product development laboratory, customer requirements or needs, etc.
2. It is not enough	b. an organizational structure is developed to harvest and consider all ideas from ifferent fields.
3. New product ideas originate from many sources,	c. a continual preoccupation of the marketing-oriented company.
4. The international marketer must ensure that	d. it will not necessary being successful in another.
5. If a new product is successfully is one market	e. to accept that this advantage exists.
6. In either case,	f. to developing nations,
7. One strategy open to the international marketer is product modification	g. the investment in management time is likely to pay off handsomely.
8. This approach is particularly relevant	h. another the development of entirely new products to open up new markets.

 

IX. Выпишите все коммерческие и экономические термины, которые встречались в тексте и переведите их на русский язык.

 

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №3

Вариант1

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольную работу, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса.

1. Времена группы Perfect (Present, Past, Future).
2. Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice).
3. Согласование времен (прямая и косвенная речь).
4. Придаточные условные предложения.
5. Сложное дополнение (The Complex Object).
6. Сложное подлежащее (The Complex Subject).

I. Выберите правильный вариант, обращая внимание на образование времен группы Perfect (Present, Past, Future).

1. Since then I ______ my job several time.

changed
has changed

have changed

2. I ______ that point yet.

have not considered

did not consider

not considered

3. I thought that Mrs. Fowler ______ us everything.

told
had told

was told

4. I knew that once he ______ a well-known specialist in his field.

Had been

was

5. We ______ the camp by 10 o’clock, I believe.

Reached

Were reaching

Will have reached

6. I hope we ______ the market research by January.

will do

are doing

will have done