Task. Read and translate the text.

The image of a seaman is always an object of romanticism. Many literary productions are devoted to the workers of sea and river transport. Nevertheless the real situation and the real problems of branch frequently remain secret from the public.

In modern conditions the safety of navigation, realization of search and rescue operations at sea and on the internal waterways are necessary for sea and river transport. That’s why the protection of ships and their crews, port and hydraulic engineering facilities from terrorisms, the use of the latest achievements in the field of information technologies get the priority status. Certainly, there is a specificity, strong and weak points in this segment of the transport market.

On the one hand, transport market is one of the richest according to the number of information communication resources used on sea and river transport. The corporate multiservice networks based on the optical fibre communication lines are formed here. The study of system of high-speed data transfer for sea ships and ice breakers is conducted. The control systems of shipping and elements of the global sea system of communication at disasters with base stations of sea areas А2 and А1, systems of transfer of the navigating warnings, stations receiving and processing the information are used. They may be considered as independent objects of information, and as elements of the universal monitoring system and control of navigation.

From the other hand, the maintenance systems of navigation on many internal waterways have not been updated ideologically and elementary since 40 - 50 years of the last century. Until recently existing networks of communication of internal water and sea transport remained analog, fragmentary and did not meet the requirements on management of a complicated technical complex as sea and river transport is. Taking it into account, possible variants of construction of an economic digital network were worked on the basis of a fiber network of communication. The agreement on development of information technologies on water transport was achieved. It included the use of finished digital networks of the Company ТransTeleCom, modern satellite systems, and also the creation of access centre working in a multiservice mode, in the basic points of main and zone networks of communication.

Russian sea and river fleet also takes an active part in realization of the program «The Global navigating system». This federal target program determines the purposes and tasks of wide introduction of satellite navigation technologies for the decision of social economic tasks of a transport infrastructure. It is directed on the creation of the necessary transport preconditions and also on the decision of a question on entry of Russia into the European economic community. The development of safety navigation systems based on the informational communication technologies will allow to operate sea and river branch effectively on the territory of the Russian Federation.

 

Task 2. Retell the text.

 

Enjoy yourself.

 

1. What does "a computer-literate" person mean?

2. What is the role of computers in our society?

3. What is electronics?

4. Where are electronic devices used?

5. What invention contributed to the appearance of electronics?

6. When and where was the transistor invented?

7. What advantages did the transistor have over the vacuum tube?

8. When was the integrated circuit discovered?

9. What is the essence of the integrated circuit?

10. What is microelectronics?

11. What techniques does microelectronics use?

12. What scales of integration are known to you?

13. What do you understand by microminiaturization?

14. What was the very first calculating device?

15. Who gave the ideas for producing logarithm tables?

16. Who invented the first calculating machine?

17. How was the first calculating machine called?

18. What was the first means of coding data?

19. What Business Corporation was the first to produce computers?

20. In what fields were the first computers used?

21. When was the first analog computer built?

22. What was the name of the first digital computer?

23. Who built the first digital computer?

24. What is ENIAC? Decode it.

25. Who contributed the idea of storing data and instructions in binary code?

26. What does binary code mean?

27. What were computers of the first generation based on?

28. What invention contributed to the appearance of the second generation computers?

29. What was the essence of the third computer generation?

30. What is the basis of the fourth computer generation?

31. What is a computer?

32. What are the main functions of the computers?

33. What is a program?

34. What are data?

35. What is data processing?

36. Name four advantages of computer data processing.

37. What is capacity storage?

38. What is hardware?

39. What is software?

40. Who designs computers?

41. What are the main functional units of a digital comput­er?

42. What types of storage do you know?

43. What is a binary number system?

44. What is storage media?

45. How is storage capacity measured (in what units)?

46. What do you know of electronic memories?

47. What can you say about electromechanical memories?

48. How do you understand the term "access time"?

49. What is RAM / ROM?

50. What storage devices do you know?

51. What is the function of the CPU?

52. What two functional units does the CPU consist of?

53. What components does control unit include?

54. What devices has the arithmetic-logical unit?

55. What is the ALU function?

56. What is the function of CU?

57. What is the heart (brain) of a microprocessor?

58. What is the purpose of input devices?

59. How do you understand the term "input-output environ­ment"?

60. What groups can I/O devices be classified into according to their speed?

61. Name devices used for inputting information.

62. What is touch pad?

63. What is a scanner used for?

64. What types of printers do you know?

65. When did the first personal computer appear?

66. What differs PC from large computer systems?

67. What is a personal computer?

68. What are the main spheres of PC applications?

69. What professions are in great need of computers?

70. What is modem and what is it used for?

71. What is programming?

72. What is a program?

73. What techniques for planning the program logic do you know?

74. What do you understand by pseudocode?

75. What is a code?

76. What is the foundation of any programming language?

77. What programming languages do you know?

78. What is FORTRAN used for? Decode it.

79. What does COBOL serve for? Decode it.

80. What is WWW?