Котласское речное училище - филиал фгоу впо

Министерство транспорта РФ

Федеральное агентство морского и речного транспорта

Котласское речное училище - филиал ФГОУ ВПО

«Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет водных коммуникаций»

 

Тулубенская А.А.

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

по дисциплине

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

для специальности 230103.51 «Автоматизированные системы обработки

информации и управления» (на водном транспорте)

 

г. Котлас

 

Одобрена предметной (цикловой)

комиссией иностранных языков

 

протокол № ____ от «___»________2009

 

Председатель ПЦК

_______________________ Е.А. Брызгалова

 

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

по дисциплине

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

для специальности 230103.51 «Автоматизированные системы обработки

информации и управления»

(на водном транспорте)

 

Автор: Тулубенская А.А. - преподаватель Котласского РУ - филиала ФГОУ ВПО СПГУВК

 

 

ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА

Основной целью курса «Иностранный язык» является обучение практическому владению разговорной речью и деловым языком специалиста для активного применения в повседневной жизни и профессиональной деятельности.

Данное пособие предназначено для расширенного изучения английского языка в области информационных технологий. В современном информационном мире владение компьютерными технологиями является абсолютно необходимым для каждого грамотного человека. Неотъемлемым компонентом компьютерной грамотности является определенный уровень владения понятиями и терминами языка компьютерных технологий. Такие языковые знания полезны для уверенной ориентировки пользователя в мире информации и повышения его технологических возможностей при работе с компьютером.

Предлагаемое пособие предназначено для работы со студентами специальности 230103 «Автоматизированные системы обработки информации и управления» (на водном транспорте), изучавшими иностранный язык в школе, и предполагает дальнейшее изучение лексического и грамматического материала.

Цель данного пособия обучить языковым средствам для эффективного общения с компьютером; пониманию специальных научно-технических текстов в области компьютерных технологий. Представленный материал позволяет не только углубить свои знания в английском языке, но и овладеть основами компьютерной грамотности.

Пособие состоит из 13 разделов “Information society. Computer literacy”, “What is a computer?”, “History of computers”, Data processing”, “Computer systems”, “Functional organization of the computer”, “Storage”, “Central processing unit”, “Input and output units”, “Personal computer”, “Programming”, “The WWW and the Internet”, “Informational technologies on water transport”. Они содержат профессионально - ориентированные тексты и упражнения. Также предлагаются тексты для дополнительного чтения. При отборе текстового материала основным критерием являлась информативная ценность текстов и их соответствие интересам студентов.

Текстовый материал предназначен для развития навыков просмотрового, ознакомительного и изучающего чтения, а также для развития навыков устной речи и перевода. Упражнения к текстам предусматривают следующие виды работы: задания для развития навыков чтения, свертывания и развертывания информации, определение главного содержания, ответы на вопросы по содержанию текста, составление плана, упражнения на сочетаемость слов, их многозначность и зависимость от контекста, на закрепление новых слов и словосочетаний, на употребление новой лексики в речи, задания по усвоению грамматических явлений, характерных для научно-технических текстов и т.д.

Данное пособие будет способствовать углубленному изучению английского языка и повышению грамотности учащихся в области информационных технологий.

Умение читать литературу по специальности остается важным аспектом владения языком. Работая над этим пособием, авторы стремились к тому, чтобы условия общения на занятиях были максимально приближены к вашей будущей деятельности, чтобы в процессе общения вы могли получить интересную и полезную информацию, имели возможность выразить собственное мнение в предложенной ситуации. Мы надеемся, что приобретенные знания и опыт общения на английском языке вы сможете применить в будущей профессиональной деятельности.

 

Contents:

 

II. What is a computer? (7)

1. What is a computer? (7)

2. Application of computers (8)

3. Computers: for and against (9)

Tests (10)

 

IV. Data processing (17)

1. Data processing and data processing systems (17)

2. Advantages of computer data processing (19)

Tests (20)

V. Computer systems (22)

1. Computer systems architecture (22)

2. Hardware, software and firmware (23)

3. What is software? What is hardware? What are peripheral devices? (25)

4. Steps in developing computers (26)

Tests (26)

 

VII. Storage (32)

1. Storage (32)

2. Storage devices (33)

3. Digital computer operation (35)

4. Memory (35)

5. What is CD-ROM? (36)

6. What is a floppy disk? (36)

Tests (37)

 

X. Personal computer (54)

1. What is a personal computer? (54)

2. Personal computers (54)

3. Application of personal computers (56)

4. A modem (58)

Tests (59)

 

XI. Programming (60)

1. Computer programming (60)

2. Programming languages (61)

Tests (64)

 

XII. The WWW and the Internet (66)

1. The World Wide Web (66)

2. A brief history of the Internet (66)

3. What is Internet? What is host? What is the World Wide Web? (67)

4. Who invented the WWW? (67)

5. What is ISP? What is browser? What is e-mail?

What is IP address? What is Web server? What is Domain name? (68)

6. Bill Gates – the founder of Microsoft (69)

 

Enjoy yourself (73)

 

Литература (84)

 

 

Unit I.

Text 1.

Computer literacy.

Unit II.

What is a computer?

Text 1.

What is a computer?

Text 2.

Application of computers.

Text 3.

Computers: for and against.

One of the greatest advances in modern technology has been the inven­tion of computers. They help us, fascinate us and occasionally scare us. The latest fear concerns children and computers. Some experts claim that brothers and sisters are starting to play more with computers than with one another, and that computers are distancing children from their parents.

Walking round a toyshop you find a home computer game to satisfy any child's violent imagination. Adult computer addicts are familiar figures: pale people who sit in front of green screens hour after hour. That is their choice. But the idea of a child living in front of a flashing green screen is somehow less acceptable. Canadian child psychologist Jams-Norton explains: These are children with few friends, afraid of making conversation. They are children who are usually allowed to do what they want. They cannot concentrate for long periods of time except in front of the screen. If the computer games they play are violent,' she adds, 'they become indifferent to violence faster than they would through watching violent videos.'

A frightening picture starts to appear. Jams-Norton sees a good number of troubled children. They usually persuade their parents to buy them a com­puter by saying it "will help their education." Computers, after all, are a cen­tral part of education today. Some educationalists enthusiastically look for­ward to the day when every child will have a personal computer in the class room and the class teacher will be nothing but a technician. That is not par­ticularly appealing either, although with the current lack of teachers someone may soon decide it makes good economic sense. Janis-Norton disapproves of such an attitude, it is relationships with the teacher and the other pupils that make you learn.'

We may be at a sort of crossroads. It is a question of whether we use the machines wisely or stupidly in bringing up children. 'The computer,' says the child psychologist, 'is only a surface problem but the real problem is not com­puters. It is parents who have forgotten how to be parents, or don't have the confidence. I wish they'd start noticing and worrying about what is happening a bit sooner.

 

Tests

Test1

1. Information is given into the computer in the form of ….

a) ideas; b) characters; c) rules.

2. The basic function of a computer is … information.

a) to switch; b) to keep; c) to process.

3. The data needed for solving problems are kept in the ….

a) memory; b) input device; c) output device.

4. Inputting information into the computer is realized by
means of.

a) a printer; b) letters; c) diskettes.

5. A computer can carry out arithmetic-logical operations

a) quickly; b) instantaneously; c) during some minutes.

6. Computers have become___ in homes, offices, research

institutes.

a) commonwealth; b) commonplace; c) common room.

7. Space_____ uses computers widely.

a) information; b) production; c) exploration.

8. Computers are used for image____.

a) processing; b) operating; c) producing.

9. Computers help in____ of economy

a) environment; b) management; c) government.

10. Air traffic control depends on computer- … information.

a) generated; b) instructed; c) combined.

 

Test 2.

1. Computer a) a machine by which information is received from the computer;

 

2. Data b) a device capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters and characters;

 

3. Input device c) an electronic machine that processes data under the control of a stored program;

 

4. Memory d) a disk drive reading the information into the computer;

5. Output device e) information given in the form of characters.

 

Test 3.

Unit III.

History of computers.

Text 1.

Text 2.

The first computers.

 

In 1930 the first analog computer was built by American named Vannevar Bush. This device was used in World War II to help aim guns.

Many technical developments of electronic digital comput­ers took place in the 1940s and 1950s. Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed in 1944. The man responsible for this invention was Professor Howard Aiken. This was the first machine that could figure out long lists of mathe­matical problems at a very fast rate.

In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsilvania, J.Eckert and J.Maushly, built their digital computer with vacu­um tubes. They named their new invention ENIAC (the Elec­tronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator).

Another important achievement in developing computers came in 1947, when John von Neumann developed the idea of keeping instructions for the computer inside the computer's memory. The con­tribution of John von Neumann was particularly significant. As con­trasted with Babbage's analytical
engine, which was designed to store only data, von Neumann's machine, called the Electronic Dis­crete Variable Computer, or EDVAC, was able to store both data and instructions. He also contribut­ed to the idea of storing data and instructions in a binary code that uses only ones and zeros. This simplified computer design. Thus computers use two conditions, high voltage, and low volt­ age, to translate the symbols by which we communicate into unique combinations of electrical pulses. We refer to these combinations as codes.

Neumann's stored program computer as well as other ma­chines of that time were made possible by the invention of the vacuum tube that could control and amplify electronic signals. Early computers, using vacuum tubes, could perform compu­tations in thousandths of seconds, called milliseconds, instead of seconds required by mechanical devices.

Words:

 

analog computer — аналоговый ком­пьютер

digital compute — цифровой компьютер

to aim guns — наводить орудия на цель

to figure out — вычислять

at a fast rate — с высокой скоростью

memory / storage — запоминающее ус­тройство

to store data and instructions — запоминать информацию и команды

stored program computer — компьютер с занесенной в память программой

binary code — двоичный код

condition — режим, состояние, условие

vacuum tube — электронная (вакуумная) трубка (лампа)

to amplify — усиливать

to perform computations — выпол­нять вычисления

 

Text 3.

Some first computer models.

The ABC (1939-1942)

The work on introducing electronics into the design of com­puters was going on.

The gadget that was the basis for the first computer revolu­tion was the vacuum tube, an electronic device invented early in the twentieth century. The vacuum tube was ideal for use in computers. It had no mechanical moving parts. It switched flows of electrons off and on at rates far faster than possible with any mechanical device. It was relatively reliable, and operated hun­dreds of hours before failure. The first vacuum tube computer was built at Iowa University at about the same time as the Mark I. The computer, capable to perform thousands of relat­ed computations, was called ABC, the Atanasoff-Berry Com­puter, after Dr.John Atanasoff, a professor of physics and his as­sistant, Clifford Berry. It used 45 vacuum tubes for internal logic and capacitors for storage. From the ABC a number of vacu­um-tube digital computers developed.

Soon the British developed a computer with vacuum tubes and used it to decode German messages.

 

Text 4.

Tests

1. British scientists invented a___ way of multiplying and dividing.

a) mechanical; b) electrical; c) optical.

2. A new branch of mathematics,____, was invented in

England and Germany independently.

a) mechanics; b) arithmetics; c) calculus.

3. A young American clerk invented a means of coding by punched cards.

a) letters; b) data; c) numbers.

4. Soon punched cards were replaced by____ terminals.

a) printer; b) scanner; c) keyboard.

5. Mark I was the first______ computer that could solve mathematical problems.

a) analog; b) digital; c) mechanical.

6. J. von Neumann simplified his computer by storing in­formation in a code.

a) analytical; b) numerical; c) binary..

7. Vacuum tubes could control and______ electric signals.

a) calculate; b) amplify; c) generate.

8. The first generation computers were_____ and often burned out.

a) uncomfortable; b) uncommunicative; c) unreliable.

9. Computers of the second generation used____ which reduced computational time greatly.

a) transistors; b) integrated circuits; c) vacuum tubes.

10. Due to_____ the development of the fourth generation computers became possible.

a) microelectronics; b) miniaturization; c) microminia­turization.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit IV.

Data processing.

Text 1.

Data storage hierarchy

It is known that data, once entered, are organized and stored in successively more comprehensive groupings. Generally, these groupings are called a data storage hierarchy. The general group­ings of any data storage hierarchy are as follows.

1) Characters, which are all written language symbols: let­ters, numbers, and special symbols. 2) Data elements, which are meaningful collections of related characters. Data elements are also called data items or fields. 3) Records, which are collections of related data elements. 4) Files, which are collections of re­lated records. A set of related files is called a data base or a data bank.

 

Words:

data processing – обработка информации (данных)

to convert – преобразовывать; переводить (в другие единицы)

to accomplish – завершать, заканчивать; осуществлять, выполнять

to house – помещать, размещать

to improve – улучшать, совершенствовать

to control – управлять, регулировать

to store – хранить, запоминать, заносить (размещать) в памяти

storage – запоминающее устройство, память; хранение

resources – ресурс; средство; возможность

facility – устройство; средство

facilities – приспособления; возможности

equipment – оборудование; аппаратура; приборы; устройства

available – доступный; имеющийся в наличии; возможный

display – дисплей; устройство (визуального) отображения; показ

manner – способ, образ (действия)

sequence – последовательность, порядок

successively - последовательно

data storage hierarchy – иерархия (последовательность) запоминания информации (данных)

to enter – входить; вводить (данные); заносить, записывать

comprehensive groupings – полные, обширные, универсальные образования

meaningful – имеющий смысл; значащий (о данных)

item – элемент; составная часть

record – запись, регистрация; записывать, регистрировать

file – файл; заносить (хранить) в файл

set – набор; множество; совокупность; серия; группа; система

data base – база данных

related – смежный; взаимосвязанный; относящийся к ч.-л.

Text 2.

Tests.

Test 1.

1. Computer data____ system frees humans from routine error-prone tasks.

a) counting; b) computing: c) processing.

2. Computers can store vast amount of information to organize it and … it.

a) to travel; b) to retrieve; c) to respond.

3. The entered data can be transmitted by________ networks.

a) communications; b) conversions; c) procession.

4. The possibility of_______ is reduced if data were correctly put into the data processing system.

a) character; b) access; c) error.

5. Computer data processing systems can________ at a fraction of a second.

a) receive; b) respond; c) retrieve.

6. Computer systems are vulnerable to the entry of_________ data.

a) invalid; b) invariable; c) invisible.

7. As soon as data were entered into the system correctly, the human … is limited.

a) computation; b) information; c) manipulation.

8. The amount of data stored on magnetic discs is constantly ….

a) decreasing; b) increasing; c) eliminating.

 

Test 2.

1. Inputting a) saving information for further processing;

2. Character b) the process of producing useful information;

3. Database c) meaningful collections of related characters;

4. Data elements d) the most common input device;

5. Controlling e) the part of the computer that receives and stores data for processing;

6. Outputting f) directing the sequence of the operations performed;

7. Memory g) a written language symbol;

8. Record h) a collection of related data elements

9. Keyboard i) a set of related facts;

10. Storing j) the process of entering collected facts into a data processing system.

 

Unit V.

Computer systems.

Text 1.

Types of computers

The two basic types of computers are analog and digital. Analog computers simulate physical systems. They operate on the of an analogy to the process that is being studied. For ex ample, a voltage may be used to represent other physical quan­tities such as speed, temperature, or pressure. The response of an analog computer is based upon the measurement of signals that vary continuously with time. Hence, analog computers are used in applications that require continuous measurement and control.

Digital computers, as contrasted with analog computers, deal with discrete rather than continuous quantities. They count rather than measure. They use numbers instead of analogous physical quantities to simulate on-going, or real-time processes. Because they are discrete events, commercial transactions are in a natural form for digital computation. This is one reason that digital computers are so widely used in business data processing.

Machines that combine both analog and digital capabilities are called hybrid computers. Many business, scientific, and in­dustrial computer applications rely on the combination of ana­log and digital devices. The use of combination analog devices will continue to increase with the growth in applications of mi­croprocessors and microcomputers. An example of this growth is the trend toward installing control systems in household ap­pliances such as microwave ovens and sewing machines. In the future we will have complete indoor climate control systems and robots to do our housecleaning. Analog sensors will provide in­puts to the control centres of these systems, which will be small digital computers.

Words:

architecture — архитектура; структура

architect — разработчик архитектуры (систе­мы, структуры)

unit — устройство; модуль; блок; элемент; со­ставная часть

accessory equipment — вспомогательные уст­ройства

engineering background — техническая под­готовка, квалификация

analyst — аналитик; системный разработчик

product line — серия (компьютерных) продуктов

manufacturer — изготовитель; произво­дитель; разработчик

application programmer — при­кладной программист

to simulate — моделировать; имитировать

voltage — напряжение

pressure — давление, сжатие

digital computer — цифровой компь­ютер

hybrid computer — смешанного типа, аналого-цифровой компьютер

discrete — дискретный; отдельный

continuous quantity — непрерывная величина

on-going process — продолжающийся, постоянный, не­прерывный процесс

to rely — основываться на ч.-л.; полагаться

to install — устанавливать; размещать; монтиро­вать; настраивать

household appliances — домашние приборы / устройства

microwave oven — микроволновая печь

indoor climate control system — система регуляции тем­пературы в доме

Text 2.

Text 3.

Task. Read and translate.

What is Software?

Computer programs are called software. Software is instructions fen hardware (the machines) to do work. Software is often divided into two categories:

Systems software: the operating system and all the utilities that en-le the computer to function.

Applications software: programs that do real work for users. For example, word processors, spreadsheet programmers, and games are applications software.

 

What is Hardware?

Hardware are computer components that you can touch, like disks, disk drives, monitors, keyboards, printers, boards, and chips. But you cannot touch software. Software exists as ideas, concepts, and symbols, computer without software is dead — you need software to make the computer work.

Text 4.

Tests

Test 1.

1. Computers and their_____ equipment are designed by a computer system architect.

a) engineering; b) accessory; c) specific.

2. Digital computers use numbers instead of analogous physical.

a) symbols; b) equipment; c) quantities.

3. Systems______ are usually stored in read-only memory.

a) hardware; b) software; c) firmware.

4. A computer is a machine with a complex network of electronic … that operate switches.

a) circuits; b) cores; c) characters.

5. In modern electronic computers the____ is the device that acts as a switch.

a) integrated circuit; b) diode; c) transistor.

6. A number of actions that convert data into useful information is defined as ….

a) data; b) processing; c) data processing.

7. Computers can store, organize and retrieve great amounts of information, far beyond the … of humans.

a) capacities; b) capabilities; c) accuracy.

8. The analyst -_____ a computer for solving problems, while the computer system architect computers.

a) requires; b) designs; c) uses.

9. The use of______ computers will continue to increase with the growth in applications of microprocessors and minicomputers.

a) analog; b) digital; c) hybrid.

10. The development of third generation computers became possible due to the invention of ….

a) integrated circuits; b) electronic tubes; c) transistors.

 

 

Test 2.

1. Computer a) a combination of interconnected circuit elements produced in a chip to

perform a definite func­tion;

2. Analog computer b) a sequence of instructions enabling the computer to solve a giv­en task;

3. Digital computer c) a tiny piece of silicon containing complex electronic circuits used inside all

computers;

4. Hardware d) a system which processes and stores great amount of data solv­ing problems

of numerical com­putation;

5. Software e) a device which can carry out routine mental tasks by performing simple

operations at high speed;

6. Program f) electronic and mechanical equipment in a computer system;

7. Programming g) a set of programs, procedures and associated documentation;

8. Integrated circuit h) the process of preparation a set of coded instructions for a computer;

9. Chip i) a device that has input and output represented in the form of physical

quantities;
10. Transistor j) a small piece of a semiconductor that greatly reduced power con­sumption of

a circuit.

 

 

Test 3.

Test 4.

As it is well known, Russian scientists made great contribu­tion into the development of computers. Russian mathemati­cian P. Chebyshev who lived in the 19th century was interested in calculators. Among many other mechanisms invented by him there was an arithmometer designed in 1876. It was one of the most unique calculating machines of the time. At the beginning of the 20th century Academic A.Krylov constructed a mechan­ical integrator for solving differential equations.

The first Soviet computer, a small-size computing machine (MESM) was tested in 1950 under Academician S.Lebedev. Next year it was put into operation. In a year MESM was fol­lowed by BESM, a large-size electronic computing machine, with 8000 opera­tions per second.

Serial production of computers in the USSR has been started since 1953. that year U. Basilevsky headed the design and manufacture of computer STRELA. 1958 witnessed the production of M -20, computers of the first generation under the guidance of S. Lebedev. The first generation of electron tube computers was followed by the second generation of foto transistor computers, using magnetic logic elements.

Starting with 1964 semiconductor computers - URAL, BESM-4 and M-220 were produced. Under Academi­cian Glushkov small-size computers MIR, MIR-2 and DNEPR were designed and tested at the Institute of Cybernetics.

In the late 60s together with other members of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance the Soviet Union started on the program of Unified Computer System, the program concerned with the third generation of computers with high-speed perfor­mance and program compatibility (совместимость).

 

1. What was one of the first achievements in the sphere of

calculating in Russia?

a) calculator; b) arithmometer; c) mechanical integrator.

2. When was the first Soviet computer put into operation?

a) in 1950; b) in 1951; c) in 1952.

3. Who headed the serial production of computers in the

USSR?

a) A.Krylov; b) S.Lebedev; c) U. Basilevsky.

4. Which machine was the first in the development of the first

generation computers?

a) MESM; b) STRELA; с) М-20.

5. When did the production of the third generation computers begin?

a) late 60s; b) early 70s; c) late 70s.

 

 

Unit VI.

Text 1.

Tests.

Test 1.

 

1. The method of_______ all functional categories to one another represents the functional organization of a com­puter.

a) showing; b) relating; c) performing.

2. Instructions and data are fed through the_____ equipment to the.

a) output; b) memory; c) input; d) control.

3. The main units of the computer communicate with each other ______ a machine language.

a) in spite of; b) because of; c) by means of.

4. The input also_______ the information into the pulse — no-pulse combinations understandable to

the computer.

a) converts; b) removes; c) accomplishes.

5. The four_______ are used to perform basic operations in a computer.

a) basics; b) circuits; c) equipment.

6. A computer can solve very complex numerical_____.

a) communication; b) computations; c) instructions.

7. Numbers and instructions forming the program are … in the memory.

a) solved; b) stored; c) simulated.

8. The control unit serves for _________ orders.

a) reading; b) interpreting; c) inputting.

9. The function of memory is to store________ the origi­nal input data …the partial results.

a) not only... but also; b) either... or; c) no sooner... than.

10. The … includes the control and arithmetic-logi­cal units,
a) flip-flop; b) digital computer; c) central processor.

Test 2.

1. The simplest digital device is any device which [a) can; b) could; c) must] count.

2. In ancient days man [a) learns; b) learned; c) has learned] to substitute beads for fingers to help him count.

3. The ancient Chinese simplified the [a) counted; b) to count; c) counting] board into abacus.

4. The Japanese improved the abacus making it [a)more ef­ficient; b)much efficient; c) efficienter].

5. The tremendous speeds of computers and the flexibility [a) building; b) built; c) to build] into them [a) because of; b) according to; c) due to] the logical control make modern computers more powerful than mechanical cal­culators.

6. The big problem in understanding digital computers is the logic which relates the logical elements into a unit [a) performed; b) performing; c) having performed] arith­metic and logical operations.

7. Arithmetic operations [a) converted; b) are converted; c) was converted] into a sequence of simple logical oper­ations.

8. Any digital calculation is usually [a) breaking; b) broken; c) being broken] down into a sequence of elementary operations.

9. A computer is a device [a) to accept; b) has accepted; c) accepts] a set of instructions and [a) executes; b) exe­cuted; c) to execute] them in the appropriate sequence.

10.The flip-flop [a) is; b) was; c) has been] a storage cell with two inputs and two outputs.

 

 

UnitVII.

Storage.

Text 1.

Storage units.

Text 2.

Storage devices.

Text 3.

Digital computer operation.

Task. Read and translate.

1. A digital computer is a machine capable of performing operations on data represented in digital or number form. The individual operations performed by a digital computer are very simple arithmetic or logical processes involving the manipula­tion of the bits in words or characters of information. The great power of any digital computer rests in the ability to store large volumes of data and to perform these operations at extremely high speed.

In most electronic digital computers the method of number representation is based on the system of binary notation. The binary notation system is most widely used because of the con­venience in constructing logical circuits and storage devices ca­pable of handling data in this form. For example, a magnetic memory unit consists of many thousand individual magnetic cells, each of which can be energized in either of two ways to present the binary digits 0 or 1. If these cells are grouped to form words or binary coded characters, information can be stored for processing in units of specified size. In the same way, digital data can be recorded as a series of magnetized spots on a magnetic tape or a magnetic disk.

2. The computer has pervaded most fields of human activity and is the most important innovation of our age. Born out of the technology of communication, it is capable of handling enormous amounts of information at tremendous speeds. What makes it so potent is the fact that a single mechanism can per­form any information-processing task. The same mechanism can control industrial processes, guide space vehicles or help to teach children. This diversity of tasks is made possible by the simple idea of the stored program.

A program is the enumeration of determining commands. It specifies the method used for the solution of a problem in de­tail. When the machine is in operation, both the commands and the numbers to be processed are constantly being taken out of and put into a depository of information known as a memory.

It can be seen that the processes performed by a digital com­puter are essentially simple. These operations can be performed at extremely high speeds and with a high degree of coordina­tion between the different functional units of the hardware sys­tem, and this ability means that digital computers can under­take highly complex tasks.

Text 4.

Memory.

План в вопросной форме.

1. What is memory?

2. What is the function of memory?

3. What are the main parts of memory?

4. What are advantages and disadvantages of a storage unit?

5. What are their functions?

6. What are performance characteristics of the main and secondary memory?

7. What units are performance characteristics measured by?

План в назывной форме

1. The definition of memory.

2. The main functions of memory.

3. Classification of memory.

4. Advantages and disadvantages of memory components.

5. The functions of memory components.

6. Performance characteristics of memory.

7. The units for measuring the performance characteristics of memory.

План в тезисной форме.

1. Memory is one of the basic components of the compu­ter.

2. Memory stores initial data, intermediate and final results.

3. It produces the information needed to other devices of the computer.

4. Memory consists of the main (internal) and the second­ary (external) storage.

5. The main memory has high speed, but small capacity; the secondary memory possesses lower speed but greater ca­pacity.

6. The main memory performs computation; the secondary memory provides information sequentially, step by step.

7. The performance characteristics— speed, capacity and reliability — are measured by cycles, binary digits and the number of failures per unit of time.

Text 5.

What is CD-ROM?

CD-ROM is an abbreviation for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory, a type of optical disk capable storing large amounts of data — up to 1GB, although the most common size 650MB (megabytes). A single CD-ROM has e storage capacity of 700 floppy disks, enough memory to store about 0,000 text pages. CD-ROMs cannot be erased and filled with new data. To read a CD, you need a CD-ROM player. All CD-ROMs have a standard size and for-at, so you can load any type of CD-ROM into any CD-ROM player. In addition, CD-ROM players are capable of playing audio CDs. CD-ROMs are good to store information that requires large storage capacity.

 

Text 6.

What is a floppy disk?

 

A soft magnetic disk is called floppy because it flops if you bend it. Floppy disks (often called floppies or diskettes) have less storage capacity than hard disks but you can remove them from a disk drive and they are portable. Disk drives for floppy disks are called floppy drives.

Most common floppies come in size 3,5-Inch. They have a rigid plastic envelope. Despite their small size, floppies have a large storage capacity — from 400K to 1.4MB of data. The most common sizes for PCs are 1.44MB (high-density).

 

 

Tests.

Test 1.

1. The time required for the computer to locate and transfer data in the storage device is called the data …time.

a) sequence; b) access; c) value.

2. … memories have no moving parts.

a) electronic; b) mechanical; c) electromechanical.

3. Magnetic …were the main elements used for pri­mary memory in digital computers for many years.

a) cores; b) tapes; c) disks.

4. … is more commonly used for memory at present.

a) bipolar semiconductor; b) MOS; c) field-effect tran­sistor.

5. Magnetic disks constitute the … storage media.

a) internal; b) primary; c) secondary.

6. Data are stored in … codes in primary as well as in secondary storage.

a) digital; b) binary; c) numerical.

7. Data access time is … in electronic memories than that in electromechanical memories.

a) longer; b) much longer; c) shorter.

8. Electronic memories have … capacities for data storage.

a) more; b) larger; c) less.

Test 2.

1. Primary

2. Secondary

3. Magnetic disc

4. Binary cods

5. RAM

6. Bit

7. Byte

8. ROM

9. Floppy

10. Capacity

 

a) one of the performance characteris­tics of storage measured in binary digits;

b) memory that has random access to the information;

c) combination of units of information;

d) the main method of secondary stor­age performing both sequential and random storage;

e)the principal flexible second storage circuit element;

f) part of memory having lower speed but greater capacity;

g) a unit of information or binary digit;

h) the most expensive part of memory having the least capacity and the fast­est access time;

i) area of memory where protected programs can be read from but not written on;

j) a fixed number of consecutive bits representing a character.

Unit VIII.

Central processing unit.

Text 1.

Central processing unit.

Text 2.

The CPU main components.

Text 3.

Text 4.

Tests.

Test 1.

1. Programs and data to be processed must be in the___ memory.

a) internal; b) external; c) secondary.

2. The control unit______ instructions from the program.

a) sends; b) changes; c) obtains.

3. The results of arithmetic operations are returned to the … for transferring to main storage.

a) decoder; b) counter; c) accumulator.

4. The instruction to be______ in control unit is read out from primary storage into the storage register.

a) calculated; b) executed; c) read out.

5. The______ performs logical comparisons of the contents of the storage register and the.

a) adder; b) accumulator; c) comparer.

6. The read out command is passed from the_ regis­ter to the_____________ register.

a) instruction; b) address; c) storage.

7. CPU is designed to and to_______________ basic instruc­tions for the computer.

a) control; b) consist; c) carry out.

8. CU and ALU consist of electronic circuits with millions of ….

a) sensors; b) servers; c) switches.

 

 

Test 2.

 

1. CPU a) performs the processing operations;

2. CU b) carries out logical comparisons of storage;

3. ALU с) executes basic arithmetic functions;

4. accumulator d) coordinates the operation of the whole system;

5. clock e) selects data from memory;

6. counter f) produces electronic marks at regular intervals;

7. register g) controls the flow between the primary storage and the arithmetic-logical unit;

8. decoder h) keeps the instruction while it is being performed;

9. comparer i) holds the results of processing operations;

10. adder j) breaks the instructions into separate commands.

 

 

Unit IX.

Input - output units.

Text 1.

Input – output environment.

 

Text 2.

Input devices.

Text 3.

What is a Keyboard?

 

 

 

Computer keyboard is the set of typewriter-like keys that enables you to enter data into a computer. Computer keyboards are similar to electric-typewriter keyboards but contain additional keys. The keys on computer keyboards are often classified as follows:

alphanumeric keys — letters and numbers;

punctuation keys — comma, period, semicolon, and so on;

special keys — function keys, control keys/arrow keys, Caps Loch key,-and so on.

The standard layout of letters, numbers, and punctuation is called QWERTY keyboard because the first six keys on the top row of letters spell QWERTY. The QWERTY keyboard was designed in the 1800s for mechanical typewriters.

There is no standard computer keyboard, although many manufacturers imitate the keyboards of PCs. There are actually three different PC keyboards: the original PC keyboard, with 84 keys; the AT keyboard, also< with 84 keys; and the enhanced keyboard, with 101 keys. The three differ somewhat in the placement of function keys, the Control key, the Return key, and the Shift keys.

In addition to these keys, IBM keyboards contain the following keys: Page Up, Page Down, Home, End, Insert, Pause, Num Lock, Scroll Lock, Break, Caps Lock, Print Screen.

 

Words:

keyboard — клавиатура

alphanumeric keys — буквенно-цифровые клавиши

punctuation keys — клавиши пунктуации comma — запятая

period — точка

semicolon — точка с запятой

function key — функциональная клавиша

control key — клавиша управления

arrow key — клавиша с изображением стрелки

Caps Lock key — клавиша фиксации регистра заглавных букв

layout — расположение

enhanced keyboard — расширенная клавиатура

return key — клавиша возврата каретки

shift key — клавиша переключения регистра

 

Questions:

1. How are the keys on computer keyboards classified?

2. How is the standard layout of keys on a keyboard called?

3. How many keys has enhanced keyboard?

 

Text 4.

What is a mouse?

A mouse is a device to move the cursor or pointer on a display screen. As you move IIи mouse, the pointer on the display screen moves in the same direction. You can roll a mouse on a hard, flat surface. It looks a bit like a real mouse beam the connecting wire looks like a mouse tail. Mice usually have two buttons and sometimes as many as

three, which have different functions depending on what program is running. Some newer mice also have a scroll wheel for scrolling through long documents.

The mouse was invented by Douglas Engelbart of Stanford Research enter in 1963. The mouse frees the user from using the keyboard, mouse is important because you can simply point to objects on the screen and click a mouse button.

Mice can be:

1. Mechanical with a rubber or metal ball that can roll in all directions. Mechanical sensors in the mouse detect the direction the ball is rolling and move the screen pointer.

2. Optomechanical with optical sensors to detect motion of the ball.

3. Optical with a laser to detect the mouse's movement. Optical mice have no mechanical moving parts but they are more expensive.

4. Cordless infrared mice send infrared or radio waves to communicate with the computer.

 

Words:

to run a programme — работать с программой

scroll wheel — колесико или кнопка на мыши для прокрутки длин -текстов

scrolling — прокрутка

to click — сделать щелчок мышью

sensor — датчик

pointer — указатель (курсор в форме стрелки, следующий за движениями мыши)

сordless — беспроводной

infrared — инфракрасный

 

Text 5.

What is an Optical Scanner?

Optical scanner is a device that can read text or illustrations printed on paper and translate the in 'formation into a form the computer can use A scanner works by digitizing an image.

Some scanners are small hand-held device that you move across the paper. These hand held scanners are often called half-page scanners because they can only scan 2 hi 5 inches at a time. Hand-held scanners are good for scanning small picture and photos, but they are difficult to use if you need to scan a large page.

Larger scanners include machines into which you can feed sheets of paper. These are called sheet-fed scanners. Sheet-fed scanners are excellent for loose sheets of paper, but they are unable to handle bound documents.

Large scanners are called flatbed scanners. They consist of a board which you lay books, magazines, and other documents that you want In scan.

A soft magnetic disk is called floppy because it flops if you bend it. Floppy disks (often called floppies or diskettes) have less storage capacity than hard disks but you can remove them from a disk drive and they are portable. Disk drives for floppy disks are called floppy drives.

Most common floppies come in size 3,5-Inch. They have a rigid plastic envelope. Despite their small size, floppies have a large storage capacity — from 400K to 1.4MB of data. The most common sizes for PCs mi 1.44MB (high-density).

 

 

Text6.

Output devices.

Printers provide information in a permanent, human-read­able form. They are the most commonly used output devices and are components of almost all computer systems. Printers vary greatly in performance and design. We will classify printers as character printers, line printers and page printers in order to identify three different approaches to printing, each with a dif­ferent speed range. In addition, printers can be described as ei­ther impact or nonimpact. Printers that use electromechanical mechanisms that cause hammers to strike against a ribbon and the paper are called impact printers. Nonimpact printers do not hit or impact a ribbon to print.

Character printers print only one character at a time. A type­writer is an example of a character printer. Character printers are the type used with literally all microcomputers as well as on computers of all sizes whenever the printing requirements are not large. Character printers may be of several types. A letter-quality printer is a character printer which produces output of typewriter quality. Letter-quality printers typically have speeds ranging from 10 to 50 characters per second. Dot-matrix print­ers form each character as a pattern of dots. These printers have a lower quality of type but are generally faster printers than the letter-quality printers — in the range of 50 to 200 characters per second. One of the newest types of character printer is the ink-jet printer. It sprays small drops of ink onto paper to form print­ed characters. The ink has a high iron content, which is affect­ed by magnetic fields of the printer. These magnetic fields cause the ink to take the shape of a character as the ink approaches the paper.

Line printers are electromechanical machines used for high-volume paper output on most computer systems. Their print­ing speeds are such that to an observer they appear to be print­ing a line at a time. They are impact printers. The speeds of line printers vary from 100 to 2500 lines per minute. Line printers have been designed to use many different types of printing mechanisms. Two of the most common print mechanisms are the drum and the chain. Drum printers use a solid, cylindrical drum, rotating at a rapid speed. Speeds of drum printers vary from 200 to over 2000 lines per minute. Chain printers have their character set on a rapidly rotating chain called a print chain. Speeds of chain printers range from 400 to 2400 lines per minute.

Page printers are high-speed nonimpact printers. Their print­ing rates are so high that output appears to emerge from the printer a page at a time. A variety of techniques are used in the design of page printers. These techniques, called electrophoto­graphic techniques, have developed from the paper copier tech­nology. Laser-beam printers use a combination of laser beam and electrophotographic techniques to create printer output at a rate equal to 18000 lines per minute.

 

Words:

human-readable form — удобная для чтения форма

performance — (рабочая) характеристика; производительность; быстродействие; скорость ра­боты; пропускная способность

character printer — принтер с посимвольной печатью; символьный принтер

line printer — принтер с построчной печатью

page printer — принтер с постраничной печатью

(поп) impact printer — (бес)контактный принтер

letter-quality printer — принтер с типографским каче­ством печати

dot-matrix printer — точечно-матричный принтер

ink-jet printer — струйный принтер

laser-beam printer ['leiza 'bi:m] — лазерный принтер

to identify — идентифицировать; распознать; обозначить

approach — подход; метод; принцип; прибли­жение

at a time — за один раз; одновременно

to cause — вызывать; приводить к (ч.-л,); застав­лять; вынуждать

to strike against a ribbon — ударять но ленте

typewriter — печатное устройство

to spray drops of ink — распылять капли чернил

to affect — влиять; воздействовать; сказываться на (ч.-л.)

technique — метод; способ; техника; методика; технология

printer output — вывод на печать; распечатываемые дан­ные

 

Text 7.

What is a Monitor?

Monitor is another term for display screen. First monitors were black-and'-white with cathode ray tube. Nowadays most monitors are colour monitors. Be­sides, colour LCD monitors are becom­ing more and more popular.

Monitor with cathode ray tube

Monitors have different screen sizes. Like televisions, screen sizes are mea­sured in inches from one corner of the screen to the opposite corner diagonally. A typical size for small monitors is 14 les. Monitors that are 16 or more inches diagonally are often called full -page monitors.

 

Text 8.

What is a Printer?

Printer is a device that prints text or illus­trations on paper. There are many different types of printers but the most widely used printers are:

Dot-matrix printer strikes pins against an ink ribbon. Each pin makes a dot, and combinations of dots form letters and illustrations.
Ink-jet printer sprays ink at a sheet of paper. Ink-jet printers produce
h-quality text and graphics.

Laser printer uses the same technology as copy machines. Laser printers produce very high quality text and graphics. The speed of printer varies widely. Dot-matrix printers can print up to 500 letters per second, and laser printers can print from about 4 to 20 text pages per minute.

 

 

Text 9.

Magnetic media devices.

Text 10.

Keyboard devices.

1. There is a wide variety of keyboard devices, or terminals, available for use in entering data directly into a computer.

The visual display terminal (VDT) is the most popular type of I/O device in use today. It consists of a typewriter like key­board for inputting and a cathode ray tube (CRT) for display­ing output data. Each character entered through the keyboard is also displayed on the CRT. When keyed the data are held in a small memory, called a buffer, within the terminal itself. The data are not sent on to the computer until the operator presses an enter key on the keyboard. This allows the operator the op­portunity to proofread or verify the data being entered by read­ing the data displayed on the screen. There are three major uses of VDT's: alphanumeric displays, graphic displays, and input through a light pen.

Alphanumeric displays. The most common use of the visual display terminal is to display alphanumeric data, that is, char­acter data. Because of their relatively fast output rates and their ability to provide a viewer with an "instant" output, video dis­plays have replaced printers for many applications.