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1. No one can become a member of the court unless the upper house of Congress – the United States Senate – approves.

2. His first thought was that this was the body of some drowned man washed ashore in the storm.

3. Most of the rights and freedoms that Americans enjoy are guaranteed in 10 short paragraphs added to the United States Constitution in 1791.

4. Though many attempts have been made, no really satisfactory definition of a crime has yet been evolved.

5. The investigation will be considered successful if the available physical evidence was completely handled, the witnesses intelligently interviewed, the suspect effectively interrogated, all logical leads properly developed.

6. What caused the accident is a complete mystery.

7. The idea is that prisoners can do more than any other people to stop young people from turning to crime.

8. The people who wrote the Constitution distributed power among the three branches so that no one person or group of people in the government could exercise enough power to control the others.

9. Since there is no help, let us try and bear it as best we can.

10. The conditions must be satisfied, in order that a man and a woman become a husband and wife.

11. He paused, as if he was expecting her to disagree with him.

Тексты

для самостоятельного чтения

 

 

THE CONSTITUTION OF UKRAINE

 

Ukraine is situated in south-eastern Europe. It is an inde­pendent, democratic, unitary state with single citizenship. Its population is about 52 million people. Ukraine has its own ter­ritory, constitution, government and the state symbols. It has its own armed forces and maintains diplomatic relations with foreign countries.

The Constitution of Ukraine was adopted on June 28, 1996. The Constitution is the Fundamental Law of the country, it estab­lishes the state’s political system, assures rights, freedoms and duties of citizens.

The Constitution states that every person has the right to free development of his or her personality, and has certain ob­ligations before the society. Citizens have equal constitutional rights and freedoms and they are equal before the law. There are no privileges or restrictions based upon colour of skin, politi­cal and other beliefs, ethnic and social origin, property, owner­ship, position, language, religion.

The articles of the Constitution guarantee the rights to life, personal inviolability and the inviolability of dwelling, non-interference in private and family life, free choice of residence, work, education, housing, health protection, medical care, legal assistance, a safe and healthy environment.

Defence of the Motherland, of its independence and territorial integrity, and respect for the state’s symbols are the duty of citizens. Citizens of Ukraine are also obliged to perform military service. Every person shall pay taxes in the order and amount de­termined by law. No person may damage the environment and cultural heritage.

The Constitution defines the territorial structure of Ukraine. It consists of 24 regions and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.

 

THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION

AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

 

The United States Constitution, adopted in 1789 and amended only rarely since then, is the supreme law of the United States. It established a republic under which the individual states retain considerable sovereignty and authority. Each state, for example, has its own elected executive (governor), legislature, and court system. The federal, or national, government is one of strong, but limited, powers. It may exercise only the powers specified in the Constitution itself. All other powers are reserved by the Constitution to the states and the people. This system of divided powers between the national and state governments is known as "federalism".

The Bill of Rights is set forth as the first ten amendments to the Constitution. It guarantees fundamental rights to the people and protects them against improper acts by the government. The rights protected include such matters as free speech, freedom of assembly, freedom to seek redress of grievances, freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures, due process of law, protection against compelled self-incrimination, protection against seizure of property without just compensation, a speedy and public trial in criminal cases, trial by jury in both criminal and civil cases, and assistance of counsel in criminal prosecutions.

The Constitution established three separate branches of government – Legislative (Article I), Executive (Article II), and Judicial (Article III). The three branches of the federal government operate within a constitutional system known as "checks and balances". Each branch is formally separate from the other two, and each has certain constitutional authority to check the actions of the others.

THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH



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