For the professional oriented foreign language

For the professional oriented foreign language

Read and translate the given text. (with dictionary) (10 p)

Clothing materials

Clothing is generally made of cloth. There are many different types of cloth, with different names and uses. Main differences between types of cloth include how the cloth was made (woven, knitted, felted, and how those techniques were implemented), what fiber it was made from, and what weight the cloth is. Different types of cloth are used for different types of clothing.

Some common natural clothing materials are:

•Fabric made of cotton, flax, wool, ramie, silk

•Denim

•Leather

•Down for down-filled parkas

•Fur

Some clothing is made from synthetic fibers, which are man made and generally not biodegradable. These are made primarily from petrochemicals. Common man-made materials include:

Nylon was first produced in 1935. Nylon is a thermoplastic silky material. It became famous when used in women's stockings ("nylons") in 1940. It was intended to be a synthetic replacement for silk and substituted for it in many different products after silk became scarce during World War II.

Polyesters include naturally-occurring chemicals and synthetics. Natural polyesters and a few synthetic ones are biodegradable, but most synthetic polyesters are not. Polyesters may change shape after the application of heat and are combustible at high temperatures. They tend to shrink away from flames and self-extinguish upon ignition. Polyester fibers have high tenacity and E-modulus as well as low water absorption and minimal shrinkage in comparison with other industrial fibers.

Spandex (elastane) is known for its exceptional elasticity. It is stronger and more durable than rubber, its major non-synthetic competitor. It was invented in 1959 by Charles Lewis French Jr. and Taylor.

Glossary (14 p)

Woven, Knitted, Cotton, Flax, Wool

3. Speak on the following topic: “Sewing machine” (16 б)

 

Lecturer: L.A. Kalibekova

 

 

Ф.8.06-12

THE EDUCATION AND SCIENCE MINISTRY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN M.AUEZOV SOUTH KAZAKHSTAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Chair of Foreign Languages for Humanitarian specialties

 

EXAMINATION PAPER No._________

For the professional oriented foreign language

Glossary (14 p)

Design, fashion, industry, dedicated, modern

3. Speak on the following topic: “The history of sewing machine” (16 б)

 

Lecturer: L.A. Kalibekova

 

Ф.8.06-12

THE EDUCATION AND SCIENCE MINISTRY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN M.AUEZOV SOUTH KAZAKHSTAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Chair of Foreign Languages for Humanitarian specialties

 

EXAMINATION PAPER No._________

For the professional oriented foreign language

Read and translate the given text. (with dictionary) (10 p)

Fashion

Fashion is something we deal with everyday. Even people who say they don't care what they wear choose clothes every morning that say a lot about them and how they feel that day. One certain thing in the fashion world is change. We are constantly being bombarded with new fashion ideas from music, videos, books, and television. Movies also have a big impact on what people wear. Ray-Ban sold more sunglasses after the movie Men In Black. Sometimes a trend is world-wide. Back in the 1950s, teenagers everywhere dressed like Elvis Presley.

Fashion is revealing. Clothes reveal what groups people are in. In high school, groups have names: "goths, skaters, preps, herbs." Styles show who you are, but they also create stereotypes and distance between groups. For instance, a businessman might look at a boy with green hair and multiple piercings as a freak and outsider. But to another person, the boy is a strict conformist. He dresses a certain way to deliver the message of rebellion and separation, but within that group, the look is uniform. Acceptance or rejection of a style is a reaction to the society we live in. Fashion is a language which tells a story about the person who wears it. "Clothes create a wordless means of communication that we all understand," according to Katherine Hamnett, a top British fashion designer.

Fashion is big business. More people are involved in the buying, selling and production of clothing than any other business in the world. Everyday, millions of workers design, sew, glue, dye, and transport clothing to stores. Ads on buses, billboards and magazines give us ideas about what to wear, consciously, or subconsciously. Clothing can be used as a political weapon. In nineteenth century England, laws prohibited people from wearing clothes produced in France. During twentieth century communist revolutions, uniforms were used to abolish class and race distinctions.

Glossary (14 p)

Glossary (14 p)

What is fashion?

Fashion is something we deal with everyday. Even people who say they don't care what they wear choose clothes every morning that say a lot about them and how they feel that day.

One certain thing in the fashion world is change. We are constantly being bombarded with new fashion ideas from music, videos, books, and television. Movies also have a big impact on what people wear. Ray-Ban sold more sunglasses after the movie Men In Black. Sometimes a trend is world-wide. Back in the 1950s, teenagers everywhere dressed like Elvis Presley.

Who dictates fashion?

Musicians and other cultural icons have always influenced what we're wearing, but so have political figures and royalty. Newspapers and magazines report on what Hillary Clinton wears. The recent death of Diana, the Princess of Wales, was a severe blow to the high fashion world, where her clothes were daily news.

Even folks in the 1700s pored over fashion magazines to see the latest styles. Women and dressmakers outside the French court relied on sketches to see what was going on. The famous French King Louis XIV said that fashion is a mirror. Louis himself was renowned for his style, which tended towards extravagant laces and velvets.

Glossary (14 p)

Glossary (14 p)

Glossary (14 p)

Glossary (14 p)

Purposes of clothes

Modern people cannot imagine their life without clothes. The initial purpose of clothes was practical.

The early people began putting on animal skins and leaves of plants to protect themselves from heat, cold, rain, snow and other threatening conditions of the environment. With the appearance of various professions clothes became functional.

The history of fashion can reveal a recent tendency: it is a way of self-expression both for those who create and choose clothes.

Women’s clothes

Clothes are clearly divided into men’s and women’s types though there are lots of unisex items worn by all. Talking about women’s clothes it should be noted that in most countries exceptionally ladies wear dresses, skirts, blouses, high-heeled shoes. Ladies tend to wear more decorations on their clothes such as embroideries, patters, accessories.

Men’s clothes

Typically men’s clothes include all sorts of trousers, shorts and suits. Trousers are recognized by the most gentlemen of the globe as genuinely men’s outfit though they are equally popular among modern women.

Climate and clothing

The choice of clothing is greatly dependent on the climate a person lives in. In tropical countries residents do not need many kinds of outfit and they are usually made of sheer fabrics. While in northern parts of the Earth people have to wear very warm clothes and shoes.

Places to get new clothes

Nowadays, clothes are available at specialty stores and markets. In most countries a separate industry works to provide customers with necessary clothes. Nevertheless, there are people who prefer to make dresses with their own hands.

Glossary (14 p)

To be in fashion

Today fashion is a very popular industry which influences millions of people around the world. Every year more and more people start to follow fashion trends in order to be stylish and attractive.

Quite a number of people believe that other people judge a person first by his looks and only then, as they get to know him, by his inner qualities; that’s why they are convinced that if you follow fashion trends you have more chances to make a good impression on others. Such people suppose that fashionable clothes help them to stand out from the crowd and they often say that when they are dressed fashionably they feel more confident.

Certainly there are opponents of the necessity to follow fashion trends. They confirm that at present one can meet many people in the street who look like mannequins in a shopwindow. These people consider that every person should have his or her own style and it has to be unique. One shouldn’t blindly follow fashion trends, because it’s irrational and besides it’s rather expensive to keep up with the fashions.

I personally pay attention to fashion in small doses and I’m sure that this is the only healthy way of approach. The clothes that are presented at the fashion shows are usually inappropriate in a day-to-day life; you cannot wear them at work or to a café. I believe that fashion has almost nothing to do with good taste, so everyone should create his or her own style.

 

Glossary (14 p)

Who dictates fashion?

Musicians and other cultural icons have always influenced what we're wearing, but so have political figures and royalty. Even folks in the 1700s pored over [разглядывать] fashion magazines to see the latest styles. Women and dressmakers outside the French court [двор короля] relied on sketches [набросок] to see what was going on. The famous French King Louis XIV said that fashion is a mirror. Louis himself was renowned [известный] for his style, which tended towards extravagant laces and velvets [бархат].

Clothes separate people into groups. Fashion is a language which tells a story about the person who wears it. "Clothes create a wordless means of communication that we all understand," according to Katherine Hamnett, a top British fashion designer. Hamnett became popular when her T-shirts with large messages like "Choose Life" were worn by several rock bands.

Glossary (14 p)

Fashion Tips

Fashion is something we deal with everyday. Even people who say they don't care what they wear choose clothes every morning that say a lot about them and how they feel that day. One certain thing in the fashion world is change. We are constantly being bombarded with new fashion ideas from music, videos, books and television. Movies also have a big impact on what people wear. Ray-Ban sold more sunglasses after the movie Men in Black. Sometimes a trend is world-wide. Back in the 1950s, teenagers everywhere dressed like Elvis Presley.

 

Lay out your clothes before putting them on and check the proportions. Juggle jackets, scarves & belts to re-arrange the clothes to get the look you want.

 

- Thinner fabrics are more slimming.

 

- Tops and bottoms of one color will make you look thinner.

 

- Wear clothes that fit.

 

- Wearing too large clothes will exaggerate your figure not hide it.

 

- Avoid belts unless you have a slim waist.

 

- Use accessories carefully.

 

Glossary (14 p)

Glossary (14 p)

Clothing materials

Clothing is generally made of cloth. There are many different types of cloth, with different names and uses. Main differences between types of cloth include how the cloth was made (woven, knitted, felted, and how those techniques were implemented), what fiber it was made from, and what weight the cloth is. Different types of cloth are used for different types of clothing.

Some common natural clothing materials are:

•Fabric made of cotton, flax, wool, ramie, silk

•Denim

•Leather

•Down for down-filled parkas

•Fur

Some clothing is made from synthetic fibers, which are manmade and generally not biodegradable. These are made primarily from petrochemicals. Common man-made materials include:

Nylon was first produced in 1935. Nylon is a thermoplastic silky material. It became famous when used in women's stockings ("nylons") in 1940. It was intended to be a synthetic replacement for silk and substituted for it in many different products after silk became scarce during World War II.

Polyesters include naturally-occurring chemicals and synthetics. Natural polyesters and a few synthetic ones are biodegradable, but most synthetic polyesters are not. Polyesters may change shape after the application of heat and are combustible at high temperatures. They tend to shrink away from flames and self-extinguish upon ignition. Polyester fibers have high tenacity and E-modulus as well as low water absorption and minimal shrinkage in comparison with other industrial fibers.

Spandex (elastane) is known for its exceptional elasticity. It is stronger and more durable than rubber, its major non-synthetic competitor. It was invented in 1959 by Charles Lewis French Jr. and Taylor.

Glossary (14 p)

Glossary (14 p)

Fashion

Fashion is something we deal with everyday. Even people who say they don't care what they wear choose clothes every morning that say a lot about them and how they feel that day.One certain thing in the fashion world is change. We are constantly being bombarded with new fashion ideas from music, videos, books, and television. Movies also have a big impact on what people wear. Ray-Ban sold more sunglasses after the movie Men In Black. Sometimes a trend is world-wide. Back in the 1950s, teenagers everywhere dressed like Elvis Presley.

Fashion is revealing. Clothes reveal what groups people are in. In high school, groups have names: "goths, skaters, preps, herbs." Styles show who you are, but they also create stereotypes and distance between groups. For instance, a businessman might look at a boy with green hair and multiple piercings as a freak and outsider. But to another person, the boy is a strict conformist. He dresses a certain way to deliver the message of rebellion and separation, but within that group, the look is uniform. Acceptance or rejection of a style is a reaction to the society we live in. Fashion is a language which tells a story about the person who wears it. "Clothes create a wordless means of communication that we all understand," according to Katherine Hamnett, a top British fashion designer.

Fashion is big business. More people are involved in the buying, selling and production of clothing than any other business in the world. Every day, millions of workers design, sew, glue, dye, and transport clothing to stores. Ads on buses, billboards and magazines give us ideas about what to wear, consciously, or subconsciously. Clothing can be used as a political weapon. In nineteenth century England, laws prohibited people from wearing clothes produced in France. During twentieth century communist revolutions, uniforms were used to abolish class and race distinctions.

Glossary (14 p)

Glossary (14 p)

What is fashion?

Fashion is something we deal with everyday. Even people who say they don't care what they wear choose clothes every morning that say a lot about them and how they feel that day.

One certain thing in the fashion world is change. We are constantly being bombarded with new fashion ideas from music, videos, books, and television. Movies also have a big impact on what people wear. Ray-Ban sold more sunglasses after the movie Men In Black. Sometimes a trend is world-wide. Back in the 1950s, teenagers everywhere dressed like Elvis Presley.

Who dictates fashion?

Musicians and other cultural icons have always influenced what we're wearing, but so have political figures and royalty. Newspapers and magazines report on what Hillary Clinton wears. The recent death of Diana, the Princess of Wales, was a severe blow to the high fashion world, where her clothes were daily news.

Even folks in the 1700s pored over fashion magazines to see the latest styles. Women and dressmakers outside the French court relied on sketches to see what was going on. The famous French King Louis XIV said that fashion is a mirror. Louis himself was renowned for his style, which tended towards extravagant laces and velvets.

Glossary (14 p)

Glossary (14 p)

Glossary (14 p)

For the professional oriented foreign language