The main elements of the freight car make up

The railway car fleet comprises a great variety of different cars. Depending on their designation the cars have different make up (structure). But irrespective of their use they have many common elements such as a frame, the draft gears, the buffers, the body, the brakes and the trucks.

A frame is a structure composed of members designed and arranged to withstand the stresses. The frame is the integrating (base) part of a freight car. It serves as the base of the body and rests on the running gears (trucks).

The body is the part which carries the load of freight. The bodies of the freight cars were built almost altogether of steel.

A draft gear is the unit which forms the connection between the coupler rigging and center sill.

A brake or brake gear is the combination of parts by which the motion of a car or a train is retarded or arrested. The break equipment means the devices allowing for artificial (brake) resistance to freight car movement and stopping a freight car at a set place.

The trucks (running gears) are the wheels and the frame about them, upon the body of the car rests. Each freight car has two trucks or more. Running gears are ensuring safe movement of a car on rail track with minimal resistance and necessary smoothness.

If you look closely, you will find a great deal of lettering on the side of a freight car, of course you have noticed that cars have numbers and that they have the names of the railroads to which they belong. But have you noticed that a car tells the month and year in which it was built; and that it shows how heavy a load it can carry. A box car tells how long, how wide and how high it is. Nearly all the cars have information printed on their sides about the kind of an air brakes and couplers they have.

The last review of designs of different freight cars shows that their main difference lies in the body and the frame designs while the running gears and a break equipment are standardized and used almost unchanged under all types of cars.

III. Reading Comprehension

1. Прочитайте уважно текст. Вам необхідно визначити, які з поданих нижче тверджень відповідають змістові тексту. Запишіть номери цих речень.

1. Despite a large number of different designs of freight cars all of them are based on the same principles. 2. All the parts of a freight car should be strong enough to ensure safe movement of the trains. 3. The running gear design should comply with conditions of running on rail tracks so that a freight car should easily travel through the curves of minimal permissible radiuses. 4. A running gear is the unit which forms the connection between the coupler rigging and center sill. 5. A body is the apparatus applied to the platforms of passenger cars for the purpose of closing the space between adjoining cars.

2. Знайдіть у тексті відповіді на питання.

1. What are the common elements of any car? 2. What does the frame look like? 3. What is used for forming the connection between the coupler rigging and the center sill? 4. What is the function of a buffer? 5. By means of what is the motion of a car retarded? 6. What are the trucks rested upon? 7. What part of the car carries the load of freight? 8. What types of the cars are made of steel? 9. Where can you find the lettering? What is their aim? 10. What information is printed on the sides of a car?

IV. Vocabulary Exercises

1. З’єднайте словосполучення правої колонки з їх значеннями у лівій:

1. A frame A) a frame, the draft gears, the buffers and the body.

2. The brakes B) each freight car has two trucks or more.

3. Running gears C) the connection between the coupler and the center sill.

4. The body D) the motion of a car or a train is retarded or arrested.

5. The main elements E) the structure composed to withstand the stresses.

6. The lettering F) applied to the platforms of passenger cars.

7. A buffer G) how long, how wide and how high is the car.

8. A draft gear H) carries the load of freight.

2. Виконайте переклад слів та складіть 10 словосполучень.

A car fleet, to depend on, a draft gear, a brake, a body, a truck, a coupler, a center sill, a make up, motion, to arrest, an open-top car, to rust, to hold, to withstand, to ensure, a lettering, the running gears, resistance, smoothness, a buffer.

3. Виконайте переклад слів та складіть 5 речень.

Рух, нерухоме щеплення, кузов вагона, зв’язок, вантажна ємність, прибор, гальма, іржавіти, захищати, перешкода, сплав, різноманітність, напруження, складатися, недолік, підрамник, хребтова балка, з’єднання, гальмо.

4. З’єднайте слова рядка A з їх синонімами у рядку B.

А) To compose of, to use, to comprise, a connection, a different, to replace, a truck, to apply, a car.

В) A various, a coach lines, an usage, to change, to consist of, to find an application, to contain a bogie.

5. Завершіть речення правильною відповіддю та перекладіть їх.1. The box cars are used to transport cargo requiring protection from unfavorable..a) operation conditions b) winter conditions c) weather conditions2. For loading bulk materials box cars are provided with ….a) running gear b) sliding doors c) hatches in the roof3. Coal, timber, rolled stock are transported in …. a) tank cars b) coaches c) open-goods cars.4. The flat car is a platform mounted on a frame and two-axle …. a) bodies b) gauges c) bogies5. Container movement is the best way of ….a) load capacity b) part-load freight c) door-to-door traffic6. To fill the liquid the top of the tank has … with valves.a) two hatches with covers b) two axis with wheels c) two bogies7. To prevent damage to the tank it should be fitted with …. a) center sill b) safety valve c) roof8. The tank is fixed to the frame by …. a) its middle part b) a coupling mechanism c) a sliding door.

6. Продовжіть речення та перекладіть їх.

1. The cars have different make up…. 2. The freight cars have a lot of common elements …. 3. The body is …. 4. A draft gear is …. 5. A buffer is …. 6. The brake gear is …. 7. The running gears are …. 8.The lettering is used for …. 9. The main difference lies …. 10. The break equipment is standardized ….

7. Заповніть пропуски сполучниками та перекладіть текст (in, for, of, in, of, of).

In addition to cars for handling cargo containers, many special container cars are 1) … service. These are designed 2) … carrying a single type 3) … product. They include a wide variety 4) … chemical and mineral products which are shipped 5) … steel containers, rubber bags and other types 6) … specialized containers.

V. Vocabulary Practice

1. Прочитайте наступні речення та доведіть, що вони правильні. Використовуйте фрази: As far as I know (remember), to my mind, I suppose, without saying, frankly speaking, allow me to observe, as I was going to observe, to tell the truth, they say, in fact, unfortunately, unexpectedly.

1. The design of car shall secure the optimal performance of the assigned functions of loading, transportation, safety and unloading of goods.

2. The design of running gears of the freight cars shall meet the conditions of movement by the track where the freight car shall freely pass the curves of the admissible minimal radiuses.

3. The weight of freight and passenger cars should conform to the durability of the track and artificial structures (bridges and so on).

4. The freight car shall obtain the adequate durability and smoothness of run.

5. The clearance of freight and passenger cars and its main parts shall conform to the sizes of the established clearance of the rolling stock.

2. Виконайте переклад речень письмово. 1. The experts from the Safety Laboratory have recently drawn up a plan to begin running tests. 2. We should first try to determine how much it is going to cost and take into consideration all possible expenses. 3. Vaccination is considered to be the most reliable method of preventing infection compared to other existing methods. 4. The advantage of this system is reliability and speed, but avoids using it in winter. 5. The current boom in long-distance travel has led to fierce competition between travel agents. 6. What she says doesn’t correspond with what she does. 7. Railway authorities (management) are promoting the development of more reliable rolling stock. VI. Grammar Exercises 1. Завершіть речення формою прикметника найвищого ступеня порівняння. (easy, modern, good, cheap, thin, fast, much, big, early, high, important, reliable, serious, interested) 1. Siemens has developed a … type of train for inter-city and inter-regional passenger services. 2. The bogie of the car has been simplified for … maintenance and repair. 3. New gangways provide … access from one part of the train to the other, even in rush hours. 4. The use of modern equipment makes loading/unloading of freight … and …. 5. It takes me … time to go by train than by car. 6. I was feeling tired last night, so I went to bed … than usual. 7. I’d like to have a … car. 8. Unfortunately, her illness was … than we thought at first. 9. You look…. Have you lost weight? 10. I want a … flat. We don’t have enough space here. 11. He doesn’t study very hard. He’s … in having good time. 12. Health and happiness are … than money. 13. In some parts of the country, prices are … than in others.2. Виберіть правильну форму дієприкметника. Перекладіть речення. 1. The new passenger car is similar in design to the (existed, existing) unit. 2. The railway line (built, building) between these industrial centers will be of special importance for the (developed, developing) area. 3. Braking system (given, giving) excellent acceleration has been (installed, installing) recently. 4. The Walker-Adtranz company is one of the (led, leading) rolling stock manufacturers. 5. Luggage racks (located, locating) adjacent to the entrance vestibule are (used, using) for bulky luggage. 6. The car interiors (based, basing) on state-of-the-art technology provide maximum comfort for people (travelled, travelling) by local trains. 7. Rail cars (equipped, equipping) with the latest propulsion systems are (manufactured, manufacturing) by this company. 8. Local newspapers wrote about the Australia’s new airport railway (opened, opening) in May. 9. New trains (called, calling) IMU 120 are (produced, producing) by Walker-Adtranz. 10. The tourist group (led, leading) by the guide was (shown, showing) around the palace.

VII. Extra Reading

1. Виконайте переклад тексту.

Vehicle modernization on state railway of Thailand The financial performance of the State Railway of Thailand (SRT) has been deteriorating for several years resulting in mounting long term debts. SRT has been trying to persuade the government to restructure the railway and put it on a more sound financial footing. One of the problems to be solved by the State Railway of Thailand is to improve passenger service through modernizing its car fleet. About 480 passenger cars are being painted in a new livery. They are also being repainted inside, and fitted with new seats and toilets. 103 third-class coaches will be equipped with air-conditioning, and some of the coaches will also be upgraded. The State Railway of Thailand (SRT) would like to acquire new trains, but as it does not have the capital, it is investigating leasing. Another 26 coaches are being converted into air-conditioned restaurant/bar cars. SRT has also tried to bring expertise from outside, such as the Thai International line, to improve the quality of its on-board services. “Unfortunately, we haven’t yet achieved fascinating results as planned,” Mr Nakorn Chantasorn, SRT’s assistant general manager admitted.2. Перекладіть словосполучення. А) Long-term debts; more sound financial footing; air-conditioned restaurant/bar cars; on-board services; assistant general manager. В) Фінансова діяльність; протягом деяких років; проблеми, які повинні вирішити, зауважити зовнішніх експертів.ІІІ. Дайте відповіді на запитання у письмовій формі. 1. What was the result of the financial performance of the State Railway of Thailand? 2. Did the SRT want the government to take part in restructuring the railway? In what way? 3. What problem was the most important one for the railway? 4. How many coaches are being painted in a new livery? 5. Will these coaches be equipped with air-conditioning? 6. Do the State Railway of Thailand want to acquire new trains? 7. Do they have any difficulties in buying the new rolling stock? 8. Does the SRT work in cooperation with other companies? 9. What are the results of this cooperation? 10. What is Mr. Nakorn Chantasorn? 11. Is he satisfied with the results achieved?

Unit 4

The freight car trucks

I.Essential vocabulary

a truck [trʌk] вагонетка

а pair of wheels [peə ɒv wiːls] колісна пара

а truck bolster [trʌk ˈbəʊlstə] люлечна балка вагонетки

an axle [ˈæksəl] ось

an absorber [əbʹsɔ:bə] поглинач

a spring suspension [sprɪŋ səʹspenʃen] пружинне підвішування

а side frame [saɪd freɪm] бокова рама

а brass [ʹbrɑ:s] вкладка підшипника (букси)

а soft [ˈsɔft] м’який

а journal bearing [ʹdʒз:n(ə)l beərɪŋ] підшипник

а journal box [ˈdʒз:n(ə)l ˈbɒks ] букса

a dispersion [dɪʹspз:ʃn] розсіювання

a hollow [ʹhɒləʊ] порожій

rotational [rəʊʹteiʃənl] обертаючийся

а wad [wɒd] набивка

а cover [ˈkʌvə] кришка

а spring [ˈsprɪŋ] ресора

а share [ʃeə] частка

а self aligning [selfəʹlaɪniŋ] самовстановлюючийся

а body bolster [ˈbɑdiː ˈboʊlstər ] шкворневий брус

centerpin [ʹsentəpɪn] шкворень

to prevent [prɪˈvent] запобігати

to fasten [ˈfɑ:s(ə)n] крiпити

to extend out [ɪkˈstend aʊt] розширюватися

to transmit [trænzʹmɪt] передавати

to replace [rɪʹplеɪs] заміняти

to lubricate [ˈluːbrɪkeɪt] змастити

to replenish [rɪʹplɛniʃ] поповнювати

II. Text

1. Прочитайте та перекладіть.

The most common freight car trucks are four-wheeled. They consist of two pairs of wheels and axels, a pair of side frames and a truck bolster. The weight of the car is transmitted to the axles through the truck side frames.

The wheels of railroad cars are fastened tightly upon their axles, and the axles turn as the wheels turn. The end of an axle extend out a few inches from the wheels. These extended parts of the axle are called the “journal”.

The journal box keeps dirt out of bearing and also holds a wad of oil soaked cotton waste which lubricates the journal. It has a cover which can be opened to inspect the journal and replenish the oil.

The truck bolster extends across the truck between side frames and also holds these side frames together. The truck bolster is not rigidly fastened to the side frames but rests on springs set into the side frames. The side frames can move somewhat in relation to each other and by so doing, each wheel of the truck carries its share of the load regardless of any irregularities in the track. Such truck is called a “selfaligning” truck.

Resting upon the truck bolster is a body bolster. The body bolsters are built into the underframe of the car and rests upon the truck bolster at the circular “center plates” which allow the truck to turn beneath the car. Additionally, the truck bolster and side frames shift load transferred from car body to wheelset axleboxes and rail track.

A heavy vertical steel centerpin (center pivot) is set in the center plates to prevent them from coming apart.

Six-wheel trucks are used under freight cars which are made to carry very heavy loads. The side frames of these trucks are more complicated then those of four-wheel trucks in order to provide for proper equalization of the load on all six wheels.

III. Reading Comprehension

1. Перегляньте текст ще раз і знайдіть відповіді на такі запитання.

1. What are the main elements of the car truck? 2. What material are wheels made of? 3. How are car wheels fastened to? 4. What is the journal? 5. How is the weight of the car carried? 6. What is the function of the journal box? 7. What holds the side frames together? 8. What is the truck bolster used for? 9. How is the truck bolster fastened? 10. How is a body bolster fastened? 11. What kind of trucks find application in freight cars? 12. Why are the side frames of six-wheel trucks more complicated?

2. Перегляньте текст ще раз, продовжіть та перекладіть речення.

The wheels of railroad cars are fastened …. 2. The designation of trucks is …. 3. The trucks are used on …. 4. The weight of the car …. 5. The “babbit” is used …. 6. The designation of journal bearing is …. 7. The truck bolster is used for …. 8. The journal box is …. 9. The “selfaligning” truck is …. 10. The body bolsters are used for …. 11. The steel centerpin is …. 12. Four-wheel trucks are more complicated ….

IV. Vocabulary Exercises

1. Доберіть до термінів у лівій колонці визначення, подані праворуч:

1. A truck A) is a unit of running gears consisting of an axle with built-up wheels on it underhub part.

2. A wheelset B) is a gear ensuring safe movement of freight car on the rail track with the minimal resistance and a necessary smoothness.

3. A truck bolster C) is a device contracting the amplitude of the vibrations of a freight car by conversion of the kinetic energy into the heat energy and its dispersion into the environment.

4. A shock absorber D) is a truck bearing element made as a hollow cast beam resting on the spring groups and having a center bowl with a central pivot.

5. An axlebox unit E) is a device consisting of springing elements, shock-absorbes and limit stops, which ensures the required smooth travel of a freight car.

6. A spring suspension F) is the base part consisting, in this case, of two side frames integrating wheelsets with the axlebox units, the spring suspension, a truck bolster and attached brake equipment into a single system.

7. A truck frame G) is a device with bearings for transformation of wheelset rotational movement to car translation with minimal resistance.

2. З’єднайте слова рядка A з їх синонімами у рядку B.

A) truck, railroad, fasten, transmit, inspect, replenish, allow, use, complex

B) railway, examine, permit, bogie, to be in use, complicated, fit, transfer.

3.Прочитайте, перекладіть і запам’ятайте такі вислови:

А) the four-wheeled truck, a side frame, a truck bolster, to fasten, an axle, to extend out, a journal box, to rest, an underframe, a centerpin, an equalization weight, a set, a journal bearing, to wear, to lubricate, an absorber, a spring suspension, a frame.

B) Колесна пара, облицьовувати, букса, вагонетка вагона, вага, підшипник, змазувати, кріпити, опираться, оглядати, бокова рама, передавать, вкладка підшипника (букси), заміняти, ресора, запобігати, частка.

4. Заповніть пропуски сполучниками (in, on, of, in, at, of, in, to, by, around, in, to, of, in, of, against, of) та перекладіть їх.

Railway idustry demand has increased 1) … recent years due 2) … social awareness regarding energy saving and environment. The standard (conventional or three piece) truck holds two wheel sets parallel 3) … each other and provides no mechanism to steer the wheels 4)… curves. The wheels approach a curve 5) … a large angle 6) … attack forcing the flange (the raised guiding edge) 7) … a steel wheel 8) … the rail and producing lateral force 9) … the rail. Over time, these forces accelerate wheel and rail wear 10) … curved track, resulting 11) … frequent maintenance problems. Heavy haul railroads, moving coal and other bulk commodities 12) … 100-ton cars 13) … 100-car unit trains, experience higher rates 14) … wear of wheels and curved track because 15) … the greater lateral force generated 16) … each car and because 17) … the number of repeated occurrences.

V. Vocabulary Practice

11. Прочитайте наступні речення та доведіть, що вони правильні. Використовуйте фрази: As far as I know (remember), to my mind, I suppose, without saying, frankly speaking, allow me to observe, as I was going to observe, to tell the truth, they say, in fact, unfortunately, unexpectedly.

1. The problems associated with conventional rail-car trucks have inspired the search over many years for an improved truck that would reduce wheel and rail wear.

2. Another deficiency of conventional trucks is their lack of stability when empty cars are moved on tangent track.

3. The trucks of a passenger car are quite a bit more complicated than those of a freight car.

4. The experience of operation of tank-cars on the Ukrainian railways shows the unscheduled setoffs mainly take place due to the failures of the truck elements.

5. Investigation of trucks intended for repair due to the wear of wheel flanges.

VI. Grammar Exercises

1.Утворіть з дієслів в дужках правильний граматичний час та перекладіть речення. 1. Those drivers who (not to comply – Present Simple Active) with traffic rules must be fined. 2. Heavy traffic (to cause – Present Continuous Active) long delays on the roads. 3. Engine failure (to cause – Past Simple Passive) by careless driving. 4. I (to set– Present Perfect Active) my alarm clock for six o’clock. 5. I know that my job (not to pay – Present Simple Passive), but on the other hand I don’t have to work long hours. 6. The staff (to train – Past Simple Passive) to deal with any emergency. 7. It (to cost – Present Simple Active) us a lot of money to furnish our new flat well, but on the other hand it’s going to look very nice. 8. 57-tonne grain wagons (to replace – Past Simple Passive) by 63-tonne coal wagons modified for grain transport. 9. Modernization (to include – Present Perfect Active) track upgrading to provide higher axleloads.

VII. Extra Reading

1. Виконайте переклад тексту.JR CENTRAL develops new maglev test vehicles Specifications have been drawn up by JR Central for an improved maglev test train. JR Central’s existing maglev train has already achieved a world speed record of 552 km/h. (1) JR Central has drawn up specifications for new test vehicles to be introduced on the Yamanashi maglev test line later this year. This is the latest step in developing commercial high-speed maglev service in Japan. The main physical difference compared with existing vehicles is a much-extended aerodynamic nose on the 28m-long lead vehicle. (2) JR Central is constructing one new lead vehicle, one new intermediate vehicle and two new bogies. Running tests will be conducted in combination with existing lead and trailer vehicles. The existing lead vehicles have two different nose designs; lessons learned from their aerodynamic performance have led to development of the extended nose. The nose has been extended as much as possible for experimental purposes to collect data on aerodynamic performance and motion characteristics. This will help to determine the specifications for the nose shape of the final revenue service vehicle. (3) The shape of the lower part of the intermediate vehicle has been changed from the round to square one to match the shape of the bogie. The body structure has also been revised and the cabin environment improved. (4) The bogie itself has been simplified for easier maintenance and improved reliability. Basically, the new vehicles are designed to develop the current test vehicles for revenue operation. (5) The current technical development plan, which includes vehicle testing up to the year 2005, aims to reduce costs, particularly of the ground coil, the superconducting magnets, and the guideway. At the heart of the maglev system there are onboard niobium titanium superconducting coils cooled by liquid helium to minus 269° C. It’s a well-known fact that at this temperature there is no electrical resistance. (6) When electric current flows into the coils they become extremely powerful magnets. The electromagnetic force between these magnets allows the vehicle to levitate (to rise and float in the air) about 10cm. (7) JR Central is promoting the development of superconducting maglev technology in cooperation with Japan’s Railway Technical Research Institute (RTRI). Running tests on the 42.8km Yamanashi test section, which is to become part of the 500km Chuo Shinkansen maglev line linking Tokyo and Osaka, began in April 1997. (8) Since then running tests have been done on more than 600 days, and trains have accumulated about 176,000km. A five-car train achieved 552 km/h in manned operation on April 14, 1999, which was certified by Guinness World Records as a world maglev speed record later that year.2. Перекладіть словосполучення.А) здобувати науку, для експериментальных цілей, внутрішній устрійкабіни, електричний струм, в співпраці з….В) much-extended aerodynamic nose, as much as possible, to collect data, easiermaintenance, electromagnetic force, manned operation, revenue service vehicle.3. Прочитайте наступні речення та доведіть, що вони правильні або неправельні. Почніть відповідь з фраз:That’s right. I can’t agree with you. To my mind …. You are wrong here. As far as I know …. I quite agree with you. I don’t agree with you …. In my opinion …. You are partly right. 1. The new maglev vehicle has a much extended nose to provide better aerodynamic performance and motion characteristics. 2. JR Central is testing new vehicles, but it doesn’t mean that Japanese railwaymen stop operating existing lead and trailer cars. 3. The specifications for the nose shape of the final revenue service vehicle has already been drawn up by JR Central in cooperation with Japan’s Railway Technical Research Institute. 4. The shape of the lower part of the intermediate vehicle has been made square because it looks more beautiful. 5. When modifying the existing maglev vehicle specialists didn’t forget about engine drivers and tried to provide more comfortable environment. 6. JR Central drew up specifications for the maglev train that had achieved a world speed record of 552 km/h. 7. Improved maglev vehicles can be seen as completely new prototypes for revenue service. 8. When developing the current technical plan JR Central paid special attention to economic problems. 9. The main feature of a maglev vehicle is that it can levitate above the ground because there is the electro-magnetic force between extremely powerful magnets. 10. Running tests on the Yamanashi maglev section began in the 20 century. 11. JR Central`s success with maglev vehicles was recognised in Japan.4. Перекладіть письмово параграфи 7-8.5. Виконайте переклад тексту. Inter-Car Gangways for Shanghai Shanghai Metro will be the first Underground in Asia to buy the Metro inter-vehicle gangways. These gangways will be used in Alstom-built Metropolis cars on the Pearl Line of the Snanghai Metro. The key feature of the gangway is its 1500mm width, which provides optimum access from one part of the train to the other, even in rush hours. The gangways feature robust, double-skinned construction for effective insulation against noise and echoes, as well as sealing against pressure differentials encountered when entering a tunnel or passing another train. The modular units with an integral floor surface are fabricated from fire-resistant polymer/fabric composites. The floor consists of a fixed plate made from stainless steel. Grammar TestsVariant 11.Hopper cars ____ the second largest class of freight cars owned by the railways.A) to constitute C) constituteB) is constituting D) constituting2. Open-top hopper cars _____ most widely in the movement of coal from mines.

A) are using C) are used

B) using D) to use

3. Duaring the past ten years no 50-ton open-top hoppers ______.

A) have been built C) are built

B) built D) were built

4. The self-clearing characteristic of the hopper car design _____ to its utilization for handling saw dust and wood.

A) had recently led C) are recently led

B) have recently led D) were recently led

5. The covered hopper car ____ one of the greatest growth patterns evident in recent railroad history.

A) represents C) to represent

B) representing D) was representing

6. Many cars mustbe lined or built of corrosion-resistant materials to prevent

A B C D

contamination of loadings or damage to the carbody.

7. Each side wall have a sliding door and two hatchways with dropping metal

A B C D

hatches.

8. The car isequippe with standard automatic couplers, buffers and an air brake.

A B C D

9. The cars have number and a great deal of lettering on its sides.

A B C D

 

10. Nearly all cars have informationprinted on their sides about the kind of air

A B C D

brakes and couplers they have.

 

Variant 2

1. The opportunities to increasethe size of wagons are constrained by

A B

loading gauge and axleload.

C D

2. An innovative lightweight bogie could offer a significant decrease in

A B C

trainload capacity.

D

3. Any increase in the capacity of freight carriages is welcomed.

A B C D

4. The only solution for developing freight traffic in Europe is reducing net

A B

weight and increasingpayload.

C D

5. The AFR22 bogie has already passed fatiguetests at 12.5 tonneaxleload.

A B C D

6. AFR expects to complete fatiguetestingby the end of the year.

A B C D

7. AFR currently has ordersfor around500 of the bogies.

A B C D

8. The AFR22 weighs 650 kg morethan a conventionalY25 bogie.

A B C D

9. The bogie has two pairs of brake blocks, which are positioned on the

A B C

outside of the bogie.

D

10. This weight saving is largely achieved through the Y25innovativebraking

A B C D

configuration.

 

Variant 3

1. The span of life of sintered brake pads is 10-20 times longer than rubber pads used on Y25s. A B C D

2. Reduction in the number of moving parts and brake pads reduces initial

A B C

costs by 15-20 %.

D

3. The integral brakes can be fitted without the need to modify the wagon's

A B C

existing brakes.

D

4. The bogie with body-mounted brakes features simplified linkage.

A B C D

5. AFR plans to launch a new range of low-capacitywagons next year.

A B C D

6. DB is looking to expand its international rail passenger operations throughout

A B C

Europe and beyond.

D

7. Using telematics makes air transport more competitive with other modes.

A B C D

8. A fully-equipped fleet of intelligent freight wagons, report their location,

A B C

status and weight.

D

9. Railion Deutschland is planning to roll-out «intelligent wagon» technology

A B C

across its marshalling yard.

D

10. The operator has fitted 14122 structural units which providereal-time

A B C

monitoring of wagon movements.

D

Variant 4

1. Telematics units guarantee delivery times of wagons and flag up any

A B C

emerging declining from schedule.

D

2. Sensors are added to detect unauthorized window openings and excessive

A B C

shocks.

D

3. Enhanced information about the status and condition of each vehicle should

A B

drive higher productivity through lower reloading rate.

C D

4. Real-time monitoring will help to reduceinitialcosts.

A B C D

5. Real-time monitoring will also help to permit the introduction of periodic

A B C

preventative maintenance.

D

6. When bogies are assembled, they automatically provide information on the

A

vehicle order and checking the brake system status.

B C D

7. The operating staff could use the technologyto replace various automated

A B C D

process.

8. The operating staff could use the technology to give a more precise

A B

calculation of the net train weight.

C D

9. Reliable wireless sensor networks can determinethe number of wagons in a

A B C D

train.

 

10. The development of an open system with standard interfaces allows other

A B

partners to make use of the same system.

C D

 

Variant 5

1. I feel terrible. I think I ______ to be sick.

a) will c) am going

b) go d) will be going

2. My colleagues usually work four days a week, and tills week they ______ five days.

a) work c) are working

b) will be working d) were working

3. It ______ outside; I do not like to walk in such weather.

a) rains c) is raining

b) is rain d) is rained

4. I ______ a very difficult day tomorrow. I need to prepare for the exam.

a) will have c) have

b) am having d) would have

5. At 10 o'clock in the morning on Wednesday Tom ______ a delegation in the office.

a) will receive c) will be receiving

b) is receiving d) would receive

6. Although the sun was shining, it was still cold, because it had rained hard for two hours.

A B C D

7. She is looking at the parcel long enough; before she understood that it was for her son.

A B C D

8. I will go to the cinema but my friend persuaded me to stay.

A B C D

9. We will be good friends, we had knowneach other for years.

A B C D

10. We were extremely tired at the end of the journey. We were travelling for more than 24h.

A B C D

Variant 6

1.When Mark arrived, the Johnsons ______ dinner, but stopped in order to talk to him.

a) were having c) had been having

b) had d) was having

2. While Tom was reading a book, Martha ______ TV.

a) watched c) was watching

b) watched d) was watching

3. The food that Ann is cooking in the kitchen ______ delicious.

a) is smelling c) smelt

b) smells d) will smell

4. We called our friends in London yesterday to tell them about the reunion that we______.

a) will plan c) plan

b) were planning d) have planned

5. Catherine is studying law at the university, and so______ Nick.

a) is c) was

b) does d) were

6. How long have you been reading this book? How many pages of this book were you read?

A B C D

7. We always go to Saint Petersburg for our holidays. We been going there for years.

A B C D

8. I had los t my key again. I have been going things. I lose things too often.

A B C D

9. The economic situation is already very bad and it was getting worse.

A B C D

10. What time willbe your friend arrivedtomorrow?

A B C D

Навчальне видання

 

 

Пантілеєнко Катерина Сергіївна

 

Англійська мова

методичні вказівки до аудиторної та самостійної роботи

з темами спеціальності «Вагони»

 

Редактор М. О. Долгов

Комп’ютерна верстка Т. В. Шевченко

 

 

Підписано до друку 03.04.2006. Формат 60х84 1/16. Папір для множних
апаратів. Ризограф. Ум. друк. арк. 1,04. Обл.-вид. арк. 1,13.
Тираж 100 прим. Зам. № 1832. Вид. № 8.

 

Видавництво Дніпропетровського національного університету
залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна

ДК № 1315 від 31.03.2003

Адреса видавництва та дільниці оперативної поліграфії:

49010, Дніпропетровськ, вул. Лазаряна, 2

www.diitrvv.dp.ua
[e-mail]