Grammar revision: Types of questions, Impersonal sentences, Modal Verbs, Passive Voice in Simple Tenses.

 

1. Прочитайте слова из Vocabulary List и укажите слова, называющие:

 

- лекарства по типу их действия; - отрицательные реакции на лекарства.

 

 

Vocabulary List

 

side effect - побочный эффект

hives - крапивница

pruritis - зуд

rhinitis - ринит

blood dyscrasia - патологические изменения крови

cumulative - кумулятивный, совместный

adverse - нежелательный, отрицательный

synergetic - синергичный, совместно усиливающее действие

idiosyncratic action - идиосинкретический (уникальный, индивидуальный) эффект

tolerance - толерантность, привыкание, переносимость

anaphylaxis - анафилактический шок

tonics - тонизирующие

sedatives - успокаивающие

laxatives - слабительные

sleeping draughts - снотворные порошки

antipruritic - противозудное

antiseptic - антисептический, антисептическое средство

healing - лечебное, заживляющие действие

curative - излечивающий

helpful - помогающий, полезный

asthma - астма

allergic reaction - аллергическая реакция

collagen disorders - разрушение коллагена (хрящевых структур)

photosensitivity - фоточувствительность

toxic, poisonous - ядовитый

untoward, unexpected - неожиданный

unfavorable - неблагоприятный

additive - кумулятивный, добавочный

 

 

2. Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык.

 

Effects of Drugs.

 

Drugs come into the body and are absorbed into the bloodstream. Depending upon the body sensitivity and reactivity drugs produce various actions and have different effects. According to their effects, drugs may be tonics, sedatives, laxatives, sleeping-draughts, analgetics, anesthetics of a local or systemic action, anti-pruritics or antiseptics. The action of the drug is expected to be healing, curative and helpful. It can produce strong or weak effect, may be neutral. But sometimes when the prescription is not followed, in case of overdosage or hypersensitivity of the body, drugs produce (give) side (or adverse) effects, such as, hives, rhinitis, asthma, allergic reaction, blood dyscrasia, collagen disorders, photosensitivity and other reactions. Some drugs are toxic and poisonous. Their overdosage may cause untoward, unexpected and unfavorable reactions and sometimes even death. So, follow only the dose indicated on the label or a signature. Some drugs or a combination of drugs have additive, cumulative, synergetic and idiosyncratic action. Some drugs may produce tolerance or sometimes anaphylaxis.

Drugs are dispensed and stored in a place known as Pharmacy. The pharmaceutist will tell you how to take and how to store the drug. The pharmacist can tell you, “Take a tablespoonful of this mixture and do not forget to shake it before using” or “Keep this mixture in a cool place”.

 

3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя слова и словосочетания в скобках.

 

1. What do drugs produce dependind upon the body sensitivity and reactivity? (various actions and different effects).
2. What may drugs be? (tonic, sedative, laxative, sleeping-draught, analgetic, anesthetic of a local or systemic action, anti-pruritic or antiseptic).
3. What effects may drugs produce? (healing, curative, helpful).
4. What adverse reactions and side-effects may drugs give? (hives, blood-dyscrasia, asthma, rhinitis and other allergic reactions).
5. What reactions may the overdosage of some drugs cause? (untoward, unexpected, unfavorable, toxic).

 

4. Закончите предложения, заменив русские слова в скобках их английскими

эквивалентами.

 

1. Drugs come into the body and (всасываются в кровоток).

2. Depending upon the body (чувствительность и реактивность) the drugs produce

various actions and have different effects.

3. The action of the drug is expected to be (лечебным, излечивающим, помогающим).

4. It can produce (сильное или слабое действие), may be neutral.

5. Some drugs are (ядовиты).

6. Their overdosage may cause (непредвиденные, неожиданные, неблагоприятные)

reactions.

7. Some strong-effective drugs may be easily (переносимы) or sometimes they may produce anaphylaxis.

8. The pharmacist can tell you “Примите столовую ложку этой микстуры и не забудьте

встряхнуть ее перед употреблением”.

 

5. Закончите предложения, используя подходящие по смыслу слова, приведенные ниже:

 

1. Depending upon the body sensitivity and reactivity the drugs produce … …. and have …

….

2. The effects, produced by the drugs, may be …, …, ….

3. Sometimes when the prescription …. …. … the drugs produce….

4. Follow only the dose indicated on the ….

5. Some drugs may produce … or sometimes….

6. Drugs are … and … in an area known as….

 

Weak, strong, neutral, label, dispensed, stored, various actions, different effects, is not followed, untoward reactions, side effects.

 

6. Найдите в тексте “Effects of Drugs” английские эквиваленты следующих слов и

словосочетаний. Составьте предложения с ними по содержанию текста.

 

- оказывать действие; - патологическое состояние крови;

- эффект может быть сильным, - привыкание;

слабым или нейтральным; - нежелательное, неожиданное действие;

- в случае передозировки; - эффект накапливания;

- побочные эффекты; - усиливающее действие.

- фоточувствительность;

- хранить лекарства при комнатной

температуре или в прохладном месте;

 

7. Переведите предложения на английский язык:

 

1. Фармацевт расскажет вам, как хранить лекарства.

2. Принимайте столовую ложку этой микстуры или одну таблетку лекарства три раза

в день до (или после) еды.

3. В зависимости от чувствительности и реактивности организма лекарства оказыва-

ют действия с различным эффектом.

4. Лекарство может давать сильный или слабый эффект, может быть нейтральным.

5. Если пациент не соблюдает предписание, или в случае передозировки, лекарство

может дать побочную реакцию

6. К побочными реакциям относят сенную лихорадку, ринит, астму, патологическое состояние крови, распад хрящевой ткани, фоточувствительность и другие реакции.

7. Некоторые лекарства вызывают привыкание.

8. Анафилаксия – это непереносимость лекарственного препарата.

 

8. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту «Effects of Drugs».

 

1. Where are drugs absorbed?

2. What may drugs be, according to their effects?

3. What is the action of the drug expected to be?

4. When do drugs produce side or adverse effects?

5. What adverse reactions can drugs cause?

6. What can help a person to avoid adverse reactions?

7. What can a pharmacist tell a person who buys medicines?

 

9. Составьте устное сообщение (8-12 предложений) на английском языке, используя

текст “Effects of Drugs”, по плану:

 

1) Actions which drugs produce in the body;

2) Side effects which may occur in case when the prescription is not followed;

3) Prevention of dangerous consequences caused by careless taking of drugs by a pharmacist.

Активизация грамматики.

1. Заполните пропуски соответствующими неопределенно личными местоимениями (some, any, no):

 

1. Doctors give … advice before prescribing … medicine.

2. At … chemist’s shop a pharmacist checks the prescription.

3. There is … use to take this remedy.

4. Did you take … medicine when you had a sore throat?

5. I suffered … diseases in my childhood.

6. Are there … sedatives on this shelf?

7. … drug taken carelessly may be poisonous.

8. To avoid … complications follow the doctor’s prescriptions.

 

2. Поставьте следующие предложения в вопросительную, а затем в отрицательную форму (если возможно):

 

1. Any chemical substance can affect the functions of the body.
2. There are all sorts of drugs in my drug cabinet.
3. A doctor will give you some advice how to heal arthritis.
4. Drugs are absorbed into the bloodstream.
5. Overdosage of any toxic drug causes unexpected reactions.

 

3. Определите залог. Поставьте вопросы к подчеркнутым словам:

 

1. Toxicants are often concentrated in a specific tissue.
2. Some toxicants accumulate in various parts of the body.
3. Chemotherapy usually refers to treatment for infectious diseases, cancer diseases or mental illness.
4. Intravenous injection is given directly into the vein.
5. Intramuscular injections are advisable when drugs are irritating the skin.
6. Toxicology is the study ofharmful substances and their effects on living organisms.
7. Idiosyncrasy is a rare type of toxic effect produced in a very sensitive individual but not seen in most patients.
8. Fleming was the first to discover penicillin.

 

4. Заполните пропуски, соответствующим модальным глаголом (can, may, must):

 

1. If you have a bad headache you … take this medicine.
2. You … follow the doctor’s treatment if you want to be well again soon.
3. What … I take to keep the fever down?
4. What complications … the grippe cause?
5. A patient … follow the instructions on the bottle.
6. Digitals … control the excessively fast ventricular rate.
7. … this drug induce secretion?
8. This analysis of blood … help to stop some type of cancer.

 

5. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную, а затем в отрицательную форму.

 

1. Most of us had to take medicines to recover as soon as possible.
2. Most people will be able to take their treatment at home.
3. This medicine had to be taken twice a day.
4. People are allowed to take the contraceptive pills as a method of birth control.
5. Penicillin can kill bacteria.
6. Drugs may produce strong or weak effect.
7. Some medicines can be dangerous if they are taken in the wrong amount.
8. He must give up regular drinking.

Практикум.

 

1. Прочитайте текст, используя комментарий. Озаглавьте текст.

 

Text I

Drug toxicity refers to the poisonous and potentially dangerous effects of some drugs. Idiosyncrasy is an example of an unpredictable type of drug toxicity.

Other types of drug toxicity are more predictable and based on the dosage of the drug given. If the dosage of a certain drug is increased, unfavorable effects may be produced. Physicians are trained to be aware of the potential toxic effects of all drugs they prescribe and must be cautious with their use. Disorders directly resulting from diagnostic or therapeutic efforts of a physician are known as iatrogenic, and are usually related to drug toxicity.

Side effects are toxic effects which routinely result from the use of a drug. They often occur with the usual therapeutic dosage of a drug and usually tolerable. For example, nausea, vomiting and alopecia are common side effects of the chemotherapeutic drugs used to treat cancer.

Contraindications are factors in a patient’s condition which make the use of a drug dangerous and ill advised. For example, in the presence of renal failure, it is unwise to administer a drug which is normally eliminated by the kidneys.

Among the most dangerous toxic complications of a drug usage are blood dyscrasias (blood disease such as aplastic anemia), cholestatic jaundice (biliary obstruction leading to discoloration of skin), neuropathy, collagen disorders (connective tissue damage such as arthritis) and photosensitivity (abnormal sensitivity to light).

 

Комментарии к тесту

 

to refer to - относиться к ч.л.

unpredictable - непредсказуемый

to be aware of - иметь ввиду

routinely - обычно

ill advised - неблагоразумно

to be cautious - быть осторожным

jaundice - желтуха

biliary obstruction - закупорка желчных протоков

discoloration - обесцвечивание

 

2. Найдите в тексте информацию о:

 

- drug toxity;

- reasons for other types of drug toxicity;

- iatrogenic disorders;

- side effects;

- contraindications;

- blood dyscrasia.

Text II

 

1. Прочитайте текст. Найдите в тексте информацию о:

 

- the cause of Crab’s cycle;

- identification of glucose in the blood;

- types of metabolism regulation;

- the reason why hypoglycemia should be treated;

- division of hyperglycemia and its reason.