Sources, forms, keeping and storage of drugs

Unit 1

Description of a Pharmacy

Grammar: Present Simple: Active Voice, Passive Voice.

 

1. а) Прочтите слова из Vocabulary List вслух.

б) Изучите список слов и укажите слова, называющие:

- инвентарь аптеки; - медицинские средства.

Vocabulary List

pharmaceutical - фармацевтический

to choose - выбирать

stall - прилавок, стойка

shelving - полка, стеллаж

bandage - перевязочный материал, бинт

implement - принадлежность, утварь

perfumery - парфюмерия

partition - перегородка

to appoint - назначать

prescription - рецепт

sedative - успокоительное средство (лекарство)

powder - порошок

ointment - мазь

 

2. Ответьте на вопросы, используя слова и словосочетания в скобках.

1. Where may people choose any drug they need? (in the pharmacy)

2. What can you see in the pharmacy? (stalls, shelvings with different drugs)

3. What can you buy here? (sedatives, powders, bandages and even perfumery)

3. Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык.

Description of a Pharmacy.

The pharmaceutical service in our country is an unseparable part of the health protection. You can’t successfully treat people without highly effective medical aids.

The pharmacy has a hall, the single place people may come in; a special room for keeping drugs; an assistants’ room where medicines are prepared and a room for the first medical aid.

In the hall you can see special glass stalls and shelvings with different drugs. People may choose here any drug they need. On the stalls and shelvings you can find all kinds of sedatives, vitamins and bandages. Here there are pills, powders, bottles of drops and mixtures, tablets, ointments, syringes, needles, thermometers, hot water bottles, medicine droppers and other things necessary for medical care. In this department you can buy some implements for personal hygiene and even perfumery. The department where chemists will give you anything you need without prescription is the Chemist’s department.

In the hall there is a special department – Prescription – where a patient can order his prescription and have his medicine made up. A glass partition separates you from the pharmacist. Through a small window in this partition you hand in your prescription to the pharmacist and she/he gives you a medicine immediately if they have this medicine prepared or she appoints a special time to come for the drug. There are two drug cabinets in this department. In the drug cabinet, marked with a big letter A, poisonous drugs are kept. In the drug cabinet, marked with a big letter B, all strong-effective drugs are kept.

 

4. Закончите предложения, заменив русские слова в скобках их английскими

эквивалентами.

1. The (фармацевтический) service in our country is an unseparable part of the health protection.

1. In the hall you can see special glass (прилавки).
2. On the stalls and shelvings you can find all kinds of (успокоительных средств), vitamins and (перевязочный материал).
3. In the chemist’s department you can buy (принадлежность) for personal hygiene and even (парфюмерия).
4. Through a small window in this partition you hand in your (рецепт) to a pharmacist.
5. A pharmacist (назначать) a special time to come for the drug.

 

5. Закончите предложения, используя подходящие по смыслу слова, приведенные ниже.

1. … has various treating methods for people suffering from a disease.

2. Some medicines and drugs are used …chronic conditions which have no cure such as

diseases of the central nervous system.

3. I have ordered the medication on my….

4. …. are administered in case of neurological disorders.

5. In any pharmacy you can … any drug you need.

6. … heal wounds.

 

To treat, prescription, medicine, to choose, sedatives, ointments.

 

6. Найдите в тексте “Description of a Pharmacy” английские эквиваленты следующих слов

и словосочетаний. Составьте предложения с ними по содержанию текста.

- охрана здоровья;

- отдел ручной продажи;

- лечить людей;

- рецептурный отдел;

- хранить лекарства;

- заказать лекарство по рецепту;

- на прилавках и полках;

-назначить время.

7. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. В любой аптеке все лекарственные средства хранят в лекарственных шкафчиках.
2. В рецептурном отделе можно заказать лекарство по рецепту.
3. В отделе ручной продажи вы можете купить лекарственное средство сразу же.
4. Все сильно действующие лекарства хранят в лекарственных ящиках, маркированных буквой В.
5. Этот порошок для наружного применения.
6. Успокоительное средство принимают перед сном.

 

8. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту “Description of a Pharmacy”.

1. How important is the pharmaceutical service in our country?
2. What is the place in the pharmacy people may come in?
3. What is there in the pharmacy?
4. What can one find on the stalls and shelvings?
5. In what department will the chemist give you anything you need without a prescription?
6. Where can a patient order his prescription and have his medicine made up?
7. What drug cabinets are there in the Prescription department?

 

9. Составьте устное сообщение (8-12 предложений) на английском языке, используя текст “Description of a Pharmacy”, по плану:

1) Departments in any pharmacy;

2) Chemist’s department;

3) Prescription department.

Активизация грамматики.

1. Поставьте глагол, данный в скобках, в Present Simple Active Voice. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The physician (advise) the patient to go to the Chemist’s.

2. At the Chemist’s she (buy) various drugs for intramuscular and intravenous injections.

3. At the Chemist’s they (keep) all drugs in drug cabinets.This medicine (be) for external use.

4. Some remedies (be) poisonous.

5. The pharmacy (have) a hall.

6. There (be) pills, powders, bottles of drops and mixtures, tablets, ointments at the Chemist’s.

 

2. Сравните выделенные формы глаголов в парах предложений и укажите разницу между

ними. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

A doctor prescribes medicines for you. Medicines are prescribed for you

by a doctor.

A pharmacist at the chemist’s shop checks The prescription is checked by a

the prescription. pharmacist at the chemist’s shop.

3. Изложите следующую информацию в страдательном залоге, сохранив временную

форму глагола. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. A pharmacist gives advice on taking a medicine.
2. Medicines reduce pain.
3. A vast majority of people take great benefits from medicines.
4. Nowadays doctors don’t prescribe this drug very often.
5. A pharmacist keeps all poisonous drugs in a drug cabinet marked with a big letter A.
6. Any chemical substance affects the functioning of the body.

 

4. a) Изучите образец, обратите внимание на возможность перевода пассивной

конструкции на русский язык.

Medicines are bought at the Chemist’s. Лекарства покупают в аптеке.

However this drug is not used in such cases. Однако данное лекарство не

используется (данное лекарство не

используют) в таких случаях.

 

б) Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, используя словарь; дайте несколько вариантов перевода, если возможно.

1. Medicines are prescribed for you by a doctor.
2. Drugs are kept and sold in any pharmacy.
3. Only strong effective drugs are used in such cases.
4. The effectiveness of this procedure is not established.
5. No specific therapy is used for this disease.
6. Sedatives are administered by mouth.

 

5. Составьте вопросы, на которые можно ответить, используя приведенные ниже

предложения.

1. Any chemical substance is called a drug.
2. Drugs help people who need treatment.
3. All chemical reactions are controlled by enzymes in the body.
4. The bacterial cell division is reduced by penicillin.
5. Chronic conditions are treated by drugs.
6. Sometimes drugs act on the central nervous system.

 

6. Составьте общие и специальные вопросы к следующим предложениям.

1. It is important for the pharmacist to know whether the chemicals are stable.
2. Presently, there are many kinds of drugs.
3. This ointment is applied on the skin.
4. Infectious diseases are treated by antibiotics.
5. Drug development advances very rapidly.
6. A lot of vaccines are prepared.

 

Практикум.

1. Прочитайте текст и скажите на русском языке, что из перечисленного он описывает:

- свойства лекарств;

- виды лекарств;

- поиск новых лекарств.

 

Drugs.

Any chemical substance which affects the functioning of the body is called a drug. Aspirin, penicillin and insulin are all common examples.

A drug is the active ingredient of a medicine, and all medicines contain drugs. For instance, aspirin contains acetylsalicylic acid. However, not all drugs are medicines. For example, alcohol and nicotine (in tobacco) are drugs but not medicines.

Drugs which have made a great impact on people's lives include insulin for diabetics; heart drugs like digitalis and vaccines against infectious diseases like poliomyelitis(polio) and smallpox.

Antibiotics form another group of drugs. Their job is to kill bacteria, for example, penicillin was first used to fight infection during the Second World War. Since then antibiotics have saved the lives of millions of people. Since Sir Alexander Fleming first discovered penicillin, other research workers have developed different antibiotics, such as streptomycin which conquered the terrible lung disease tuberculosis.

Many women now take contraceptive pills as a method of birthcontrol. This allows people to have children only if they want them or to plan the number they have.

If you look in your bathroom cabinet, you will probably find an assortment of antiseptics, creams, ointments, indigestion tablets or cough and cold remedies. There is no harm in keeping these (out of reach of young children) because most people are responsible and use them only if they need them. However, if you find antibiotics or pills left over from a previous prescription, you should not keep them or give them to anyone else. You should return them to a chemist.

Drug development and research have advanced rapidly since the early discoveries. By 1984 over £1,500 million (at manufacturers' prices) was spent in the UK on the purchase of NHS prescriptionmedicines, and about 3,000 medicines are in use. Incidentally, the pharmaceuticalindustry is now one of the most successful in the UK, with exports amounting to over £1.2 billion by the mid-1980s, and a positive trade 'surplus' of about £700 million. It can cost the industry up to £60 million to research and develop just one new medicine.

But the search for newer and better drugs and medicines goes on. There are many diseases, such as some cancers and arthritis, still to be overcome.

 

2. Укажите неправильные утверждения и исправьте их, используя текст “Drugs”.

1. A drug is the active ingredient of a medicine.
2. All drugs are medicines.
3. Antibiotics have not saved the lives of millions of people.
4. Contraceptive pills are used as a method of birth control.
5. Drug development and research have not advanced rapidly since the early discoveries.
6. The search for newer and better drugs and medicines goes on.

 

3. Найдите в тексте “Drugs” ответы на следующие вопросы, прочитайте их вслух и переведите на русский язык.

1. What is called a drug?
2. How do antibiotics work?
3. What allows people to plan the birth of children?
4. Why is it necessary to keep drugs out of reach of children?
5. What industry is one of the most successful in the UK?

 

4. Выразите главную мысль текста, используя следующие выражения:

- As to … I’d like to add…

- As far as I know…

- I’d like to make a comment on…

 

 

Unit 2

Vocabulary list

source - источник

leaf - лист

stem - стебель

root - корень

rhizome - корневище

mold - плесень

digitalis (fox-glove) - наперстянка

to confuse - перепутать

to obtain - получать, добывать

infusion - настой

tincture - настойка

decoction - отвар

vapour - пар

jar - баночка

label - этикетка

to indicate - указывать, обозначать

direction - указание к применению

administration - назначение по применению

poisonous - ядовитый

untoward - неблагоприятный, побочный

the dose to be taken - доза, которую надо принять

 

2. Ответьте на вопросы, используя слова и словосочетания в скобках:

1. What are drug sources? (leaves, stems, roots, rhizomes)

2. What is stuck on a bottle or a box of a drug? (a label)

3. What reaction may the overdosage of the drug cause? (untoward)

1. Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык.

Активизация грамматики.

1. Закончите предложения, используя модальные глаголы can, may, must. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Medicines … be very beneficial.

2. You... be very careful while taking drugs.

3. Some medicines … cause untoward reactions and even death.

4. Drugs … be dangerous if taken in the wrong amount.

5. One … follow the instructions indicated on a bottle or a packet of a drug.

6. Drugs … have various forms.

 

2. Сравните выделенные формы глаголов в парах предложений и укажите разницу между ними. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Drugs can influence some processes in the human organism.

2. A person must take a proper dosage of any drug.

3. Drug overdosage may cause an untoward reaction.

Some processes in the human organism can be influenced by drugs.

A proper dosage of a drug must be taken.

An untoward reaction may be caused by drug overdosage.

 

3. Изложите следующую информацию в страдательном залоге, сохранив временную форму глагола. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. In chemical industry one may synthesize artificial substances.

2. Using modern pharmacokinetic methods one can determine a specific optimal dose for each patient.

3. A person must take drugs for internal use on an empty stomach.

4. Some drugs can produce insoluble and non-absorptive complexes.

 

4. Закончите предложения, используя модальные глаголы can, may, must. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. This new drug for pulmonary embolism … be tested.

2. Some remedies containing ferrum salts, calcium, magnesium, aluminium (including a number of antacid drugs) …produce insoluble complexes with tetracycline.

3. Drugs … speed up the action of the central nervous system.

4. Too much alcohol … result in cancer, brain damage, mental disorder, loss of social functions, blood disorders.

5. You … consult your doctor before taking this drug.

6. Medicines … be kept away form children.

 

5. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Двухлетнему ребенку необходимо ввести пенициллин.
2. Лекарства должны выписываться, когда это абсолютно необходимо.
3. Лекарственные средства могут вызывать физическую зависимость.
4. Могут ли лекарства вызывать эмоциональную зависимость?
5. Необходимо соблюдать дозу лекарства указанную на этикетке или назначенную врачом.
6. Лекарства могут блокировать патологические процессы в человеческом организме.

Практикум.

1. Изучите комментарии к тексту, прочтите текст и переведите текст на русский язык.

Озаглавьте текст. Обоснуйте свой выбор.

Medicines are used to treat or prevent disease. For thousands of years people have been using medicines. In the earliest times they used natural substances from fruits, leaves, roots to ease pain and bring relief. Some of the early remedies worked for some reasons. For instance, mouldy bread was used as a poultice and the antibiotic produced by the mould helped to destroy the bacteria causing the infection. Many of “old wives’ tales” would still be useful if we did not have modern drugs.

Early examples of medicines include opium, which is found in oriental poppy known as the “jolly plant”. This has been used as a sedative and pain killer for at least 7,000 years. In South America, the leaves of the coca shrub were chewed by the Incas to relieve fatigue and hunger. Eventually, in 1859, the pure drug cocaine was extracted from these leaves. Cocaine was developed and used as local anesthetic in dentistry and surgery.

Many different herbs and plants have been used to provide natural extracts from which modern medicines have been extracted and developed. For example, morphine and codeine have been extracted and purified from raw opium for medical purposes. Digitalis, a heart drug, is made from foxglove leaves, and aspirin-like compounds can be developed from the bark of willow trees.

Комментарии к тексту

to prevent disease – предотвращать заболевание

to bring relief – принести облегчение

mouldy bread – заплесневелый хлеб

to relieve fatigue and hunger – облегчить, снять утомление и голод

the bark of willow tree – кора ивы

poultice – припарка

2. Расположите предложения в надлежащем порядке, чтобы получилось краткое изложение текста.

1. Many different herbs and plants have been used to provide natural extracts from which modern medicines have been extracted and developed.

2. Opium was used as a sedative and pain killer.

3. Many of “old wives’ tales” would still be useful if we did not have modern drugs.

4. Medicines are used to treat or prevent disease.

5. In the earliest times they used natural substances from fruits, leaves, roots to ease pain and bring relief.

6. For instance, the antibiotic produced by the mould helped to destroy bacteria causing the infection.

7. Cocaine was used as local anesthetic in surgery.

 

3. Составьте ваши собственные предложения, используя следующие слова и выражения.

To treat or prevent disease, natural substances, to ease pain, to bring relief, to destroy bacteria, to cause infection, modern drugs, to develop, for medicinal purpose.

4. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы.

1. What are medicines used for?

2. What did people use to ease pain and bring relief in the earliest times?

3. What was mouldy bread used for?

4. What did early examples of medicines include?

5. Where was cocaine used?

6. What sources have modern medicines been extracted and developed from?

 

5. Выразите главную мысль каждого абзаца в одном предложении, используя следующие выражения:

- I’d like to point out that…

- …is still in question

- It seems unlikely/very likely…

 

 

Unit 3

Vocabulary List

generic - общий

legal - законный, юридический superscript - надпись

purpose - цель

public property - общественная собственность

manufacturer - производитель

dispense - готовить и отпускать (лекарство)

trade - торговый

competitor - конкурент

to capitalize - писать с прописной буквы

to substitute - замещать

complicated - сложный

to recognize - распознавать

responsible for - ответственный за что-либо

description - описание

name - наименование

chemical - химический

official - официальный

brand - торговая марка, бренд

FDA - Управление по контролю за продуктами и лекарствами

USP - фармакопея США

NF - государственный справочник

Hospital Formulary - госпитальный справочник

PDR - настольный справочник врача

 

2. Ответьте на вопросы, используя слова и словосочетания в скобках.

 

1. How many names can a drug have? (three different names)

2. Whom must a specific brand name be dispensed by? (the pharmacist)

3. What information do drug references give? (important information about drugs)

 

3. Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык.

Names

A Drug can have three different names. The chemical name is the chemical formula for the drug. The name is often long and complicated.

The generic or official name is a shorter, less complicated name which is used for legal and scientific purposes. The generic name is the public property and any drug manufacturer may use it. There is only one generic name for each drug.

The brand name or trade name is the private property of the individual drug manufacturer and no competitor may use it. Brand names often have the superscript after or before the name. Most drugs have several brand names because each manufacturer producing the drug gives it a different name. When a specific brand name is ordered on a prescription by a physician, it must be dispensed by the pharmacist; no other brand name may be substituted. It is a common practice to capitalize the first letter of a brand name.

The following list gives the chemical, generic and brand names of the well known antibiotic drug, ampicillin. Note that a drug can have several brand names but only one generic, or official, name.

Chemical name Alpha – aminobenzyl P

Brand names Amcill capsules Omnipen Penbritin Polycillin Principen / N

Generic Name (official name) Ampicillin

 

Standards

While the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the legal responsibility for deciding whether a drug may be distributed and sold, there are definite standards for drugs set by an independent committee of physicians, pharmacologists, pharmacists and manufacturers. This committee is called the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Two important standards of the USP are that a drug must be clinically useful (useful for patients) and available in pure form (made by good manufacturing methods). If a drug has USP after its name, it has met with the standards of the Pharmacopeia. A list of drugs is published by the USP every 5 years but not all the drugs are listed in it. The National Formulary (NF) is a larger list of drugs which meets purity standards. The letters USP and NF after a drug indicate that the manufacturer claims his product conforms to USP or NF standards. It is up to the FDA to inspect and enforce the claims of drug manufacturers.

References

Libraries and hospitals have two large reference listings of drugs which give important information about drugs. The most complete and up-to-date is the Hospital Formulary, published by the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. This listing gives information about the characteristics of drugs and their clinical usage (application to patient care).

The Physicians Desk Reference (PDR) is published by a private firm. Manufacturers pay to have their products listed there. The PDR is a useful reference with several different indexes to identify drugs (generic and chemical names index, product identification index, manufacturers’ index, drug classification index and full description about recommended dosages and administration for each drug).

 

4. Закончите предложения, заменив русские слова и словосочетания в скобках их

английскими эквивалентами:

 

1. The generic name is (общественная собственность) and any manufacture may use it.

2. The name is often long and (сложный).

3. The brand name or trade name is (частная собственность) of the individual drug

manufacturer and no (конкурент) may use it.

4. It is common practice (писать с прописной буквы) the first letter of a brand name.

5. (Управление по контролю за продуктами и лекарствами) has (юридическая

ответственность за) deciding whether a drug may be distributed and sold.

6. Brand names often have (надпись) after or before the name.

 

5. Закончите предложения, используя подходящие по смыслу слова, приведенные ниже.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. … why this law is so important is because many people die from using... in the United

States.

2. The Food andDrug Administration is responsible for … and … the safety of foods,

tobacco products, Medication drugs, vaccines, blood transfusion, medical devices,

veterinary products, and cosmetics.

3. A drug is considered "new" if it is made by a different ….

4. Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are drugs and combinations that do not require a doctor's

….

5. … drugs from four developing countries have been found … the United States

Pharmacopoeia (USP) standards.

6. This committee … a set of rules prohibiting … of this drug to the children under 14.

 

Antiretroviral, enforced, to meet, supervising, manufacturer, the reason, prescription,

regulating, the administration, illegal drugs.

6. Найдите в тексте “Drug names, standards and references” английские эквиваленты

следующих слов и словосочетаний. Составьте предложения с ними по содержанию

текста.

 

- химическая формула; - определенные стандарты;

- для юридических и научных целей; - доступный в чистой форме;

- индивидуальный производитель лекарства; - давать важную информацию о

лекарстве;

- заказывать по рецепту; - полное описание;

- юридическая ответственность; - рекомендованная доза.

- соответствовать стандартам;

 

7. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

 

1. Настольный справочник терапевта содержит важную информацию об основных

характеристиках лекарств и издается ежемесячно.

2. Этот центр является филиалом Управления по контролю за продуктами и

лекарствами, который регулирует производство лекарств.

3. Для каждого лекарства существует только одно общее название.

4. Недавно одна очень известная фармацевтическая компания выпустила самый

полный и современный справочник лекарств.

5. Ваш терапевт назначит вам соответствующее лечение и скажет, в какой аптеке вы

сможете заказать лекарство по рецепту.

6. Это сильно действующее лекарство выпускают многие производители, но продают

его только в определенных аптеках.

7. Каждый производитель, изготавливая лекарство, должен помнить, что оно должно

соответствовать двум основным стандартам, быть клинически полезным и доступным в чистой форме.

 

8. Ответьте на вопросы ктексту“Drug names, standards and references”.

1. What is the chemical name of the drug?

2. How many generic names are there for each drug?

3.Why do most drugs have several brand names?

4. What are typical written standards for the brand name?

5. Who are definite standards for drugs set by?

6. What do the letters USP and NF after a drug indicate?

7. Are all drugs listed in the PDR? Why?

 

9. Составьте устное сообщение (10-12 предложений) на английском языке, используя

текст “Drug names, standards and references” по плану:

 

1) Drug names;

2) Drug standards;

3) Drug references.

 

Активизация грамматики.

 

1. Поставьте глагол, данный в скобках в –ing форму. Обратите внимание на употребление

Participle I и Gerund.

 

1. USP Reference Standards are recognized as official standards in the U.S., and their use is

effective in (to demonstrate) compliance with legal requirements.

2. Laboratory (to test) of a drug is a compulsory stage of drug (to manufacture).

3. All drugs (to meet) the NF standards are included into this listing.

4. Thousands of medications are available today for (to prevent) various diseases.

5. (to prescribe) this drug to the patient the physician said it would relieve the pain.

6. (to take) this medicine, be careful of side effects.

2. Раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в форму Participle I. Переведите предложения на

русский язык.

 

1. I advise you to take this drug. (to dissolve) in the stomach immediately it will give you

considerable relief.

2. This pharmaceutical company (to produce) drugs for this type of flu is getting more and

more popular.

3. The doctor looked at the patient’s blood analysis, sat at the table (to think) and without (to

say) a word left the room.

4. The physician prescribed him a (to heal) ointment which he could order at the nearest

chemist’s.

5. One mustn’t confuse drugs, because (to cause) untoward reaction they may do harm to

man’s health.

6. (to ensure) a good quality of its goods this company protects people against many diseases.

 

3. Раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в форму Gerund. Переведите предложения на

русский язык.

 

1. In addition to (to aid) in the treatment of infectious diseases such as pneumonia,

tuberculosis, influenza, and sexually transmitted diseases, these medicines also help

prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases, asthma, diabetes, and cancer.

2. (to have) a drug reference is necessary for every pharmacist.

3. A drug addict has been jailed after (to steal) a priest's car.

4. The law states that anyone convicted of (to possess) more than EUR13,000 worth of drugs

should receive the 10-year term.

5. “How many people die of (to smoke) cigarettes?”

6. "What are the effects of (to use) psychotropic agents?” “They affect the brain and body”.

 

4. Переведите предложения на русский язык, укажите в предложении форму Participle I и

Gerund.

 

1. The principal problems involve the use of prescription drugs without a physician's

supervision, and the danger of buying drugs of unknown origin and quality.

2. When choosing a drug at the chemist’s check the “active ingredients” section on the label.

3. Be very careful when giving more than one medicine to a child.

4. To reduce your child's risk of medicine poisoning, keep medicines out of reach and out of

sight of children.

5. Since children tend to imitate adults - avoid taking medications in their presence.

6. Avoid drinking medicine from a bottle.

7. Always turn the light on when giving or taking medicine to be sure you have the right

medicine and the correct measure or count of the dosage.

8. Insist on safety packaging for prescription medicines.

9. The benefits of medicines are helpful effects you get when you use them, such as

lowering blood pressure, curing infection, or relieving pain.

10. Despite my warnings she continued taking this medicine causing huge damage to her

health.

 

5. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя формы Participle I или Gerund.

 

1. Продажа нелегальных лекарств является растущей проблемой в США.

2. Многие думают, что наркоман может прекратить употреблять наркотики в любой

момент.

3. Выписывая лекарство пациенту, врач должен знать точный диагноз.

4. Неудивительно, что многие фармацевтические компании, производящие лекарства,

получают огромную прибыль в период эпидемий.

5. Никогда не начинайте и не прекращайте принимать лекарства, не поставив в

известность вашего лечащего врача.

6. Не зная, как лекарство действует на организм человека, врач не имеет права

назначить его пациенту.

7. Это лекарство может подействовать только путем введения его внутримышечно.

 

6. Преобразуйте предложения, используя, где возможно, конструкции с Gerund или

Participle I и предлоги (by, for, of, while, when), где необходимо. Переведите

составленные предложения на русский язык.

 

1. In the countries which are developing rapidly the top pharmaceutical companies produce

5 new drugs annually.

2. People, who search for the best remedy for their disease, may find it in the national

drug reference.

3. To administer the better treatment the physician must examine you carefully.

4. When I was in hospital I learnt a lot about my disease.

5. Doctors all over the world are trying to find a way how to treat some rare types of

cancer.

6. The teacher who was delivering the lecture on manufacturing of sodium and potassium

compounds told the students about the way how to use them in pharmacy.

 

Практикум.

 

1. Прочитайте текст бегло и изложите в двух-трех предложениях на русском языке, о

чем этот текст.

 

Medicines are used to fight infections and illnesses; they reduce pain, and for many people they make life bearable. Taking the correct medicine in the right way can therefore be very beneficial.

Medicines are either prescribed for you by a doctor or bought at the chemist’s. If you do not need a prescription, you can buy the medicine direct from the chemist. If they are prescribed, the doctor decides what you need, writes it down on a prescription form which you then take to the chemist who supplies the medicine to you. Doctors give careful thought and advice before prescribing medicines. The pharmacist at the chemist’s shop also checks the prescription and may give you some advice on taking the medicines, too. “Follow the instructions” on the bottle or packet, finish the course and make sure you understand what the medicine is for.

If you or your family have been given any prescriptions lately, did you know what the medicine was and what it was for?

All medicines are perfectly acceptable in our society, and the vast majority of people gain great benefits from them. However, some medicines contain drugs which can be dangerous if taken in the wrong amounts, or when there is no medical reason.

Do you ever take drugs?

Drinks. It may surprise you to know that tea, coffee, cocoa and coca cola contain a drug called caffeine. However, you would have to drink a very large quantity to cause any danger of caffeine overdose.

Unit 4

Administration of Drugs

Grammar: Participle II

1. а) Прочтите слова из Vocabulary List вслух.

б) Изучите список слов и укажите слова, называющие:

 

- способы введения лекарств.

 

Vocabulary List

the route of administration - способ введения (лекарства)

to absorb - всасываться

parenteral - парентеральный

to dissolve in saliva - растворяться в слюне

nausea - тошнота

rectal - ректальный

vomiting - рвота

to accomplish - достигать; завершать

location - местонахождение

a buttock - ягодица

to dissolve - растворять(ся)

topical - местный

surface - поверхность

sublingual - подъязычный

to accelerate - ускорить

to heal - заживать; заживлять

inhalation - ингаляция

moist - влажный

lotion - лосьон

oral - пероральный

subcutaneous - подкожный

 

2.Ответьте на вопросы, используя слова и словосочетания в скобках:

 

1. What do we call the route of administration when a medicine is taken by mouth? (oral)

2. In what case are suppositories used? (when oral route of administration presents

difficulties)

3. What is taken into the nose or mouth during inhalation? (vapors or gases)

3. Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык.

Administration of Drugs.

 

The route of administration of a drug is very important in determining the rate and completeness of its absorption into the blood stream and speed and duration of the drug’s action in the body.

Oral Administration.

The route of administration is by mouth. Drugs given orally must pass into the stomach and be absorbed into the blood stream through the intestinal wall. This method may have several disadvantages. If the drug is destroyed in the digestive tract by the digestive juice or if the drug cannot pass through the intestinal wall or mucosa, it will be ineffective.

Sublingual Administration.

In this route of administration, drugs are not swallowed but are placed under the tongue and allowed to dissolve in the saliva. Absorption may be rapid for some agents. Nitroglycerine tablets are taken this way to treat attacks of chest pain.

Parenteral Administration.

This type of administration is accomplished by injection through a syringe under the skin, into a muscle, into a vein or into a body cavity. There are several types of parenteral injections:

- Subcutaneous injection. This injection is sometimes called hypodermic, and is given just under several layers of the skin. The outer surface of the arm and the anterior surface of the skin are usually locations for subcutaneous injections.

- Intradermal injection. This shallow injection is made into the upper layers of the skin. It is used in skin testing for allergic reactions.

- Intramuscular injection (I.M.). This injection is given into the muscle usually into the buttocks. When drugs are irritating the skin or a large volume of a long-acting drug is to be given, I.M. injections are advisable.

- Intravenous injection (I.V.). This injection is given directly into the veins. It is given when an immediate effect from the drug is desired or when the drug cannot be given into other tissues.

- Intrathecal injection is made in the case of anesthesia into the sheath of the spine marrow and the brain.

- Intracavitary injections are given into the body cavities: thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and others.

Inhalation.

In this method of administration, vapours, or gases are taken into the nose or mouth and are absorbed into the blood stream through the thin walls of the air sacks in the lungs (alveoli).

Topical Application.

This is the local external application of drug on the skin or mucous membranes of the mouth or other surfaces. It is commonly used to accelerate the healing of abrasions, for antiseptic treatment of a wound, and as an antipruritic (against itching). Topical application may also include administration of drugs into the eyes, ears, nose and vagina. Lotions are used most often when the skin is moist, or “weeping”, and ointments and creams are used when the lesions are dry.

 

4. Закончите предложения, заменив русские слова в скобках их английскими

эквивалентами.

 

1. Vapours and gases are absorbed into (кровяное русло) through the thin walls of the air

sacks in the lungs.

2. Parenteral administration is accomplished by injection through (шприц) under the skin,

into a muscle, into a vein or into (полость тела).

3. (Внешняя поверхность) of the arm and the anterior surface of the skin are usually

(местоположение) for (подкожный) injections.

4. (Мази) are used most often when the skin is (влажный).

5. In (подъязычный) administration, drugs are not swallowed but are placed under the

tongue and allowed (растворять) in (слюна).

1. It is commonly used (усиливать) the healing of (ссадина), for antiseptic treatmentof a

wound, and as (против зуда).

 

5. Закончите предложения, используя подходящие по смыслу слова, приведенные ниже.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. Ointments are semi-solid preparations for … application.

2. There are two main … of drugs according to their …: for external and internal usage.

3. Various remedies are applied for total ….

4. Hormonal … are produced by the artificial way using synthetic components and also

from the organs and urea of animals.

5. Liquid medicines … for the people who will not or cannot … tablets.

6. Suppositories are very useful if a drug cannot be taken ….

7. Ointments and creams are used when … are dry.

 

Drugs, by mouth, application, lesions, anesthesia, are useful, groups, external, swallow.

 

6. Найдите в тексте “Administration of drugs” английские эквиваленты

следующих слов и словосочетаний. Составьте предложения с ними по содержанию

текста.

- лекарства, даваемые перорально; - непосредственно в вену;

- способ назначения лекарств; - немедленный эффект;

- абсорбироваться в кровяное русло; - внутриполостные инъекции;

- лекарство кладут под язык; - подоболочечные инъекции;

- ректальное применение; - пары и газы;

- пациента тошнит и рвёт; - антисептическое лечение ран;

- шприц; - мази;

- подкожные инъекции; - лосьон;

- большой объем сильнодействующего лекарства; - препараты против зуда.

- ягодица;

 

7. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

 

1. Медикаменты и лекарства доступны в различных формах.

2. Большинство людей смогут лечиться на дому.

3. Медсестра может ввести лекарство в полость тела, если необходимо.

4. Пилюли и капсулы принимают перорально.

5. Суппозитории вводят через прямую кишку.

6. Мази наносят непосредственно на кожу.

7. Ингаляции используют для лечения астмы и аллергий, таких как сенная лихорадка.

8. Все лекарства полностью приемлемы в нашем обществе.

9. Большое количество людей получают огромную пользу от лекарств.

10. Если другие виды терапии оказываются неэффективными, врач назначает инъекции.

 

8. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту “Administration of drugs”.

 

1. Why is the route of administration of drugs very important?

2. What is the route of oral administration?

3. Where are drugs placed in the route of sublingual administration?

4. When are drugs given by rectum?

5. How is parenteral administration accomplished?

6. What is the difference between subcutaneous and intradermal injections?

7. When is it advisable to inject some drugs into the buttocks?

8. When is an intravenous injection given?

9. When is an intrathecal injection made?

10. What is meant by inhalation?

11. What may topical application include?

 

9. Составьте устное сообщение (12-14 предложений) на английском языке, используя

текст “Administration of drugs”, по плану:

 

1) Importance of the route of administration of a drug;

2) Different routes of administration of a drug.

 

Активизация грамматики.

 

1. Закончите предложения, поставив глагол в скобках в форму Participle II. Переведите

предложения на русский язык.

 

1. Tablets are drugs (to give) by mouth.

2. Ointment is a substance (to make) of oil or fat (to apply) on the skin to heal wounds.

3. Suppositories are cone-shaped objects containing medications (to insert) into the rectum.

4. Vapours or gases (to take) into the nose or mouth are absorbed into the blood stream

through the walls of the air sacks in the lungs.

5. Vapours are particles of the drug (to suspend) in the air.

6. Injections (to use) in skin testing for allergic reactions are called intradermal injections.

 

2. Сравните выделенные формы глаголов и укажите разницу между ними. Переведите

предложения на русский язык.

 

1. He investigated a few antibiotics as well.

2. This problem discussed, attracted much attention.

3. Early clinical studies showed an increased amount of enzymes.

4. All other mice tested, produced antibodies.

5. The operated children were followed up to the age of 7 or 8.

6. Drugs are used to treat chronic conditions.

7. Ointments are prepared by two methods.

8. Based on their penetration, ointments have been divided into four classes.

9. One salt can be transformed into another by treating it with an acid.

 

3. Раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в нужную временную форму Past Simple или

Participle II. Назовите ее. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. This drug (to act) on the patient markedly and he (to recover) very quickly.

2. The overdosage of foxglove (to cause) heart trouble.

3. The patient (to show) the skin irritation (to cause) by the ointment.

4. The drug (to test) in our laboratories can be sold at the chemist’s.

5. As I (to be) in a hurry I (to buy) this medicine at the chemist’s (to locate) just round the corner.

6. This medicine (to administer) orally must be taken every other day.

7. Adverse effects often (to experience) by patients include headache, nausea, (to impair)

digestion, (to increase) fatigue, skin symptoms, etc.

 

4. Выберите подходящий по смыслу глагол из списка, приведенного ниже, поставьте его

в форму Participle II. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. This injection … into the upper layers of the skin was necessary to save the patient`s life.

2. The drug … in the digestive tract by the digestive juice is ineffective.

3. Some drugs … under the tongue are used to treat attack of chest pains.

4. If there is any serious change in the health condition … with the drug administration, it is

necessary to stop using the drug and to consult the physician.

5. This is a group of drugs... for the same type of illness.

6. The majority of drugs should be stored at a temperature of up to 25°C, … against light and humidity.

7. In addition, drugs … by inhalation do not stay in the bloodstream for as long.

8. … with other routes of administration, the intravenous route is the fastest way to deliver fluids and medications throughout the body.

 

To connect, to take, to make, to place, to use, to destroy, to compare, to protect.

 

5. Переведите предложения на английский язык, употребив Participle II.

 

1. Лекарство, введенное внутримышечно, действует моментально.

2. Один из наиболее известных способов введения лекарства – ингаляция.

3. Лекарства, наносимые на кожу - обычно для локального использования.

4. Эти лекарства, вводимые внутривенно, очень часто назначают в небольших дозах.

5. Эффект от лекарства, введенного внутримышечно, длится более короткое время.

6. Лекарства, назначаемые при лечении диабета, можно заказать только по рецепту.

 

Практикум

1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос: «What ways do medicines work?».

 

How do medicines work?

 

Replacing substances that are deficient or missing in the body.

The body needs certain levels of proteins (or …), vitamins and minerals in order to work normally. If these important substances are insufficient or lacking, this can lead to medical disorders. These are called ‘deficiency disorders’. Examples include: iron deficiency (…), and vitamin C deficiency (…).

Deficiency disorders can also occur as a result of lack of hormones in the body (...). Common examples include: diabetes (…) and hypothyroidism (…). Deficiency disorders can be treated with medicines or hormones that replace or restore the levels of the missing substances, for example insulin injections for diabetics.

Altering the activity of cells.

Cells are the basic ‘building blocks’ of the body. All human tissues are made up of groups of cells. Many medicines work by altering the activity of cells. For example, anti-inflammatory medicines such as ibuprofen and diclofenac block the action or stop the production of chemical substances (…) which are released by cells in response to tissue damage and which cause inflammation and pain. Medicines which interfere with the way of cells’ work are used to treat a variety of conditions, such as blood clotting disorders (e.g. …), heart (e.g. …) and kidney diseases. Some medicines work by attaching themselves (binding) to the sites found on the surface of the cells (…) and either increase or decrease the activity of the cell (e.g....).

Destroying infectious microorganisms or abnormal cells.

Infectious diseases occur when viruses, bacteria, protozoa or fungi invade the body. Antibiotics e.g. penicillin can destroy bacteria by killing them directly or by preventing their multiplying. Anti-fungals commonly used for infections of the skin and mouth (e.g. …) work by disrupting infected cells. Other medicines work by killing abnormal cells, for example some anti-cancer drugs directly target and kill harmful cancer cells.

3. Заполните пропуски в скобках в упр. 1. необходимыми по смыслу словами и словосочетаниями, из списка ниже. Составьте с ними свои собственные предложения.

 

Clotrimazole and miconazole; scurvy; anti-coagulants; medicines used in the treatment of

epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease; insulin deficiency; amino acids; calcium channel blockers;

mediators; receptors; hormone deficiency; anemia; thyroid hormone deficiency.

 

3. Найдите в тексте «How do medicines work?» ответы на следующие вопросы.

 

1. How do antibiotics destroy bacteria?

2. What are the important substances in the human body?

3. When do deficiency disorders occur?

4. What are all human tissues made up of?

5. What conditions do medicines altering the activity of cells treat?

6. How can deficiency disorders be treated?

 

4. Найдите эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний в тексте. Найдите

предложения, в которых они были использованы и переведите их на русский язык.

 

- противогрибковый; - повреждение ткани;

- изменять активность клетки; - нарушения свертываемости крови;

- выделяемые клетками; - противовоспалительные средства;

- железодефицитная анемия; - предотвращать размножение;

- восстанавливать уровень - разрушать бактерии.

недостающих веществ;

 

5. Расположите эти предлож