Task 7 Match the sentence beginnings (1—8) with the endings (a-h).

1. Ever since that experience at the zoo she’s been afraid...	a).about the lack of life jackets.
2. As I stepped out a boat I suddenly felt anxious.	b).at the fact that I’d finally found a job.
3. My parents expressed surprise.	c).for news of their loved ones.
4. The passengers’ relatives were anxious.	d)...of things we know little about.
5. We tend to be scared.	e).oflarge animals.
6. The pupils didn’t like the idea.	f).at the poor quality of condition of animals on the farm.
7. We were astonished.	g).of doing another test.
8. We were pleased.	h).with the way she treated her cat.

Task 8 Read the text and say whether these statements are true or false. Think of a suitable title to it.

1. Animals cause destruction and damage.

2. Animals take care of their own species.

3. Animals stay away from people.

4. Animals are superior to people in some ways.

5. Animals are inferior to people in many respects.

6. People are lucky to have animals as their friends.

7. People and animals should cooperate with each other.

“The crowd behaved like animals.” We hear that about twice a week nowadays, though it isn’t true.

Animals do not behave like that. Animals are not hooli­gans, animals do not go out in gangs causing pain, damage and destruction and death on their own kind. Animals are concerned with the stability of their own species and the need for them to prosper and multiply. They do not destroy their own kind in large numbers as we do. It’s amazing that animals still have anything to do with us at all. They should stay away from us and most of them do. But such is the nature of some of them that they have decided to share their lives with ours and we have accepted, far as we know animals are of enormous use to us.

When we talk of people behaving like animals, it is be­cause we think that animals must be kept in their places, that we are much better than they are, that we simply must not let them appear to be superior. And yet of course in many cases they are.

We could not use own noses with the sensitive skill of a dog, we couldn’t possibly run with the speed and beauty of the horse, and no way could we fly like those wonderful birds.

We admire the animals’ beauty and grace, we wear their feathers and their skins because they are so beautiful. And we know in our heart of hearts^[5] that we are inferior. And we are really in many respects inferior. So we are very lucky indeed that so many animals have come to help us, for on our own^[6] we are helpless.

Task 9 Read the text and give examples of the dog’s feelings and emotions that are similar to human’s.

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE DOG

The dog seems to be a very much more intelligent animal than is often supposed. It has very distinct feelings of pleas­ure and pain, and keen special senses. Its sense of touch is very delicate; its eyes are highly organized, and its hearing is extremely acute, but the sense of scent is so far above that of the human and all other animals as to be very remarkable.

It is obvious also that external and internal sensations — more or less similar to those external and internal sensations of ours by which we instinctively move from place to place, judge of distance, direction, and time, and perceive resist­ance and pressure — must be possessed by the dog also. But the dog has not only external and internal sensations; it has memory, imagination, a power of sensible perception, and of associating images in complex mental pictures which are more or less associated with pleasurable or painful feelings. Moreover, we remember how common it is for sleeping dogs to show by slight yelps and twitching and galloping move­ment of the feet that they are dreaming.

But in spite of all this resemblance, there is a profound difference between the mind of man and the highest psychical powers of the dog. We can talk, while neither the dog nor any other beast or bird has the gift of speech as we have it. Never­theless dogs can and do communicate between themselves.

The dog has a language of sounds and gestures to express its feelings and emotions. But we have further, what neither the dog nor any other beast or bird has — a language of sounds and gestures to express our thoughts.

Task 10. Read the story about wildlife in Africa. For questions (1-5), choose the correct answer (a, b, c or d).

THE MAN WHO TALKS TO LIONS

We were a party of six, on the trail of a pride of 16 lions in the heart of Hwange National Park. We followed our leader Gavin Ford, one of Zimbabwe’s famous trackers. We first heard them as they were moving like lighting through the bush. They knew we were behind them. If they became annoyed, they might go back and give us a little reminder of who was king of the jungle.

Suddenly Gavin dropped to one knee to examine the ground. A large maribou stork crashed through the vegeta­tion. Before we had even recognized what it was, Gavin was back on his feet. If you are going to track lions, you have to have reactions as fast as a lion, and Gavin had been tracking lions — and elephants, rhinos and Cape buffaloes — for most of his life.

After several days on the trail, however, we still hadn’t got close to any of the lions. Then, suddenly, on our final day, a pride of nine strolled out in front of us. They didn’t even look at us but went on with their morning walk. As we tried to take out our cameras, Gavin turned to us with a smile and asked, “Would you like me to call the lions back?”

We had heard him imitate every animal and bird call perfectly, but didn’t realise he could talk to lions as well. A soft, low, throaty noise came from Gavin and the lions stopped dead. “This is the call of the lost lion,” Gavin whispe­red to us. He continued to call and the lions crept towards us.

They were looking around for a missing companion and seemed puzzled that none was in sight. The older, cautious lions hung back, but one young, bold male approached clos­er and closer until he was just a metre away. He examined us steadily and then looked away. He couldn’t understand anything.

The rest of the pride was uneasy while the young male continued to gaze at us. We stood there hardly daring to breathe. At last, much to our relief, the lion strolled away with an occasional backward glance.

1) When the stork first appeared, the write and his fritnd

a) had no idea what it was.

b) were absolutely terrified.

c) dropped onto their knees.

d) decided to follow it.

2) What did the lions do at first?

a) They watched the people suspiciously.

b) They continued feeding.

c) They walked right up to the party.

d) They took no notice of the party.

3) The writer and his friends were surprised that

a) Gavin could imitate every animal and bird call.

b) the lions had walked away so soon.

c) Gavin could communicate with the lions.

d) one of the lions seemed to be lost.

4) What did one young male lion do?

a) He called for his lost companion.

b) He walked round in circles.

c) He came and stared at the party.

d) He ran away from the pride.

5) How did the party feel about their encounter with the lions?

a) horrified;

b) worried;

c) excited;

d) puzzled.

Task 11. Read the text using your dictionary. Five sentences have been removed. Choose from sentences (a-f) the one which fits each gap (1-5). There is one extra sentence which you do not need.

a) It is our tone of voice which is more important than the actual words.

b) Another chimp called Sarah was taught to communicate using plastic shapes as symbols for words.

c) Parrots are very good mimics.

d) Chimpanzees, however, are near to humans in intelligence.

e) Washoe learnt very quickly to communicate at a simple level.

f) Many people believe that human language began as sign language.

TALK TO THE ANIMALS

Can animals talk? People have always liked to imagine that animals could speak our language. Is it really possible, though, for animals to talk?

(1) They can imitate sounds perfectly, including the hu­man voice, but to use language we need to understand what we are saying, and parrots are not able to do this.

Some animals, including dogs and many circus animals, are intelligent enough to be trained to obey certain com­mands. Again, this is not the same as using language.

(1) If you say to your dog gently, “You nasty, dirty, ugly animal!” he will probably roll over to be tickled. If you shout angrily, “Good dog!” he will run away. Dogs are very intelli­gent and their sense of smell is far more sensitive than ours, but they are not able to use our language.

(2) In 1947, an American couple adopted a baby chimp called Viki. They hoped that if they brought her up as their own daughter she would learn to speak. They did not succeed; after six years, although she understood a great deal, the only words she could say were “mama”, “papa”, “cup” and “up”. It was thought that chimps simply were not intelligent enough to learn human language.

Since then there have been many other experiments.

(3) And a gorilla called Koko learnt to use sign language. She even made jokes and made up her own swear words to insult people. Once she was so cross with her teacher that she called her a “dirty, bad toilet!” It used to be thought that humans were the only animals capable of lying but Koko even learnt to tell lies!

(4) So far, animals have been able to communicate at a very simple level only rather like very young children learn­ing to talk. Still, until recently, it was not thought possible for them to talk at all.

UNIT 23

HEALTH CARE.

5.1. DOCTORS AND HOSPITALS.

5.2. ANIMAL HEALTH.

DOCTORS AND HOSPITALS

A. I am a family doctor. I have a nurse to help me and a receptionist to help the patients when they come to see me.

When I see patients in my surgery, first I listen to their problems, then I examine them. Then, if I can, I treat for their illnesses. Some simply have sore throats, headaches or flu and I give them a prescription to take to the chemist. Others suffer from serious diseases of the heart, lungs, stom­ach or even brain.

I can’t always cure them myself and sometimes I have to send them to hospital for treatment. If something is serious­ly wrong with them, the hospital will decide to operate on them. The trouble is people don’t look after themselves prop­erly. It really isn’t so difficult to keep well. If your head begins to ache, have a rest. If you always feel tired, get more exercise. Eat well. Have a good diet. And have a regular check-up with the doctor.

B. When I go to the doctor, I tell the receptionist my name and take a seat in the waiting room. My doctor is very busy so I have to make an appointment before I go to see him.

He asks me what’s wrong with me. I tell him the symptoms of my illness, for example, high temperature, difficulty in breathing, or pains, and then he will usually examine me. He’ll listen to my heart with his stethoscope, he’ll hold my wrist to feel my pulse; he’ll take my temperature with his thermometer.

The problem is usually something simple and he might give me a prescription for some medicine, which I take to the chemist. Of course, if I needed more serious treatment, I’d have to go to hospital. There I’ll be put in a bed in a ward with 10 or 20 other people. If there were something seriously wrong with me, I might need an operation.

A. When the doctor told my mother that I would have to have a minor operation, she was surprised because I didn’t make a fuss at all. I was actually quite excited about going into hospital. I imagined how interested all my classmates would be when they heard why I was absent from school.

I had a whole day just to get used to being in hospital before the operation and I spent my time talking to the other patients and watching TV. I was a bit scared when they came to take me from the children’s ward to the operating theatre. The doctor gave me an injection and told me to count to ten. I didn’t get much further than three or four before I fell asleep.

When I woke up back in my bed, my stomach felt very sore. A nurse came to see how I was and told me that it would take a couple of weeks for the wound to heal, but that I would be able to get up and walk around in a couple of days. She took my temperature to make sure that I didn’t have a fever and I went off to sleep again. When I woke up a few hours later, there was a boy I hadn’t seen before in the next bed. He was about the same age as me with terrible purple bruises all over his face. He’d fallen head first off his bicycle because he had been trying to keep up with his older brother who was riding very fast. He had also broken his left leg. It was going to take him a lot longer to recover than me.

ANIMAL HEALTH

If you own one or more animals, you are concerned with their health and welfare. Your personal commitment and knowledge of the basics — good housing, nutrition, sanita­tion and preventive medicine — are the most important first steps.

Housing is important to provide animals protection from the elements^[7] and predators. Basic nutrition needs remain the same for all animals — energy foods, protein, vitamins, minerals and lots of clean fresh water. Clean cages, barns, aquariums and other animal facilities are important for pre­venting the entry of disease. Grooming is a good preventive tool — to keep animals clean and free of external parasites. Preventive medicine is the final link in the circle of good animal health and includes vaccinations and internal and external parasite control.

Animal health means more than taking the necessary care, and calling the veterinarian when an animal is ill or injured. There are three important areas of responsibility. First, your responsibility, as owner or caretaker. Second, the responsibility of the veterinarian. And finally, the Govern­ment has a distinct and important role in assuring the health of animals.

You, as the owner or caretaker, have the most immediate responsibility. There’s an old saying, “The eye of the master fattens the calf,” which is to say that you are the one who best can provide the feed, water, shelter, sanitation and health care for your animal.

But at some point, you need to call in the expert — your veterinarian. The veterinary practitioner is the animal health professional. This expert is able to diagnose and treat diseases that threaten your animals. Veterinarians are not there just to help when things go wrong. They can help make sure that things don’t go wrong.

They also have another responsibility: reporting certain disease to the Government, either because they are of public health significance, or because they are regulated under Govern­ment animal health programmes. The Government is to pre­vent, control and eradicate several types of diseases. These include animal disease that can be transmitted to man, such as rabies, brucellosis (undulant fever), psittacosis (parrot fever), and tuberculosis. And finally, there are potentially catastrophic foreign diseases that could wreck our domestic livestock and poultry industries.

Task1 Answer the questions

1. List the responsibilities of an animal owner.

2. Why is proper housing important for animals?

3. What does sanitation include?

4. What does preventive medicine include?

5. Explain the proverb “The eye of the master fattens the calf.”

6. Why do we have to call in the expert?

7. What are the responsibilities of the Government?

8. Why are some animal diseases very dangerous?

AT THE VET’S

Vet: Now, will you hold Henry still while I examine him... Fine... Now you say he’s been missing for over a week? Man: That’s right.

Vet: And he hasn’t eaten anything during that time?

Man: Well, he probably has, but I haven’t actually fed him. Vet: Hmm. I see.

Man: Do you know what’s wrong with him?

Vet: Well, he’s not starving, I’m sure. I can only guess, but by looking at his fur I’d say he was suffering some kind of virus.

Task2 Study the words

be concerned with — заботиться о welfare n, и — благополучие commitment n,u —обязательство; приверженность sanitation n, u — улучшение санитарных условий; уборка facilities n, pi —оборудование; благоприятные условия grooming n — уход (за живот­ным), включая стрижку, чистку, причесывание и т. п. prevent v — предотвращать preventive adj — профилакти­ческий (preventive mea­sures, preventive medicines) protect (from) v — защищать (от) protection n, u — защита injure v — повредить, ушибить, ранить injury n, с — телесное повреждение (ушиб, рана, травма) caretaker n, с — опекун; человек, отвечающий за кого-л./что-л. provide (smb with smth) v — снабдить, обеспечить (кого-л. чем-л.) health care п, и — охрана здоровья diagnose ['daisgnouz] v — поставить диагноз diagnosis [,daisg'nosis] п, с (diagnosespi) — диагноз make sure — убедиться eradicate v — искоренить; уничтожить be transmitted to smb — передаться кому-л. rabies п — бешенство brucellosis п — бруцеллез psitticosis п — пситтакоз livestock ['laivstok] п, и — домашний скот

poultry п, и — домашняя птица starve v — голодать guess [ges] v — догадываться virus ['vaisrss] п, с — вирус, инфекция

ANIMAL MAGIC

A kind of treatment designed to stimulate people who are withdrawn or uncommunicative has recently been given a new name: pet therapy. It has given difficult children, lonely old people and even anti-social prisoners a completely new outlook on life.

Even though pet therapy is only now being widely used, it is not a new idea. In the 18^th century an English doctor William Tuke filled the grounds of a hospital for mentally disturbed people with chickens, rabbits and goats. Tuke’s idea was that patients could learn self-control by caring for creatures weaker than themselves.

Later on, in New York, horses, cows, cats and dogs were recruited to heal soldiers who had been wounded during World War II. These animals comforted the traumatised and helped them to avoid becoming obsessed with their injuries.

During the 1970’s, scientific interest was rekindled by a study that had originally set out to examine the connection between social conditions and heart disease. Quite by chance, researchers discovered that the survival rate of people who owned a pet was significantly greater than those who didn’t. At last, they came to the conclusion that people with pets really were living longer.

It was discovered that stroking a cat or dog lowers a hu­man being’s blood pressure and reduces anxiety. Just having an animal around you can lower your heart rate. Cats and dogs aren’t the only pets that can help you to relax either. A dental school in America has discovered that gazing at fish in a tank helps patients relax before undergoing dental treatment.

But what aspect of the animal-human relationship is the cause of such benefits? One recent study revealed that there were significantly fewer minor illnesses such as colds, back­aches and stomach problems among adults after they had acquired a pet. “There is no real explanation, however, for why animals can change people in various ways.”

Task 3 QUESTIONS

1. Who was pet therapy designed for?

2. Is it a completely new way of treating?

3. How did William Tuke treat mentally disturbed people?

4. How did animals heal the wounded soldiers during World War II?

5. Why was scientific interest in pet therapy rekindled dur­ing the 1970’s?

6. What particular symptoms appear in patients after they have had animals around them?

withdrawn adj — замкнутый; углубленный в себя a completely new outlook on life — совершенно новый взгляд на жизнь mentally disturbed —психические больные; с нарушением психики the traumatized — раненые; покалеченные (trauma ['tro:ms] — травма) to become obsessed with — зациклиться на rekindle v — возродить; вновь разжечь (интерес и т. д.) the survival rate — уровень выживаемости come to the conclusion — прийти к заключению stroke v — гладить lower v — снижать (= reduce) blood pressure —кровяное давление heart rate — сердцебиение anxiety n, c — беспокойство benefit n, c — преимущество reveal v — обнаружить;

открыть (= discover) acquire v —приобрести; получить