Task 3. Откройте скобки, используя соответствующую форму глагола.

1. If you (decide) to buy a pet, you should find out as much as possible about the pet you (choose).

2. Cats (be) easy to look after and (seem) to be independent, but also (need) the com­pany of people.

3. If your cat (find) someone, who (care) for it more than you do it (change) owners!

4. A small puppy may (look) like a suitable pet, but don't forget that it (grow) up.

5. You may (be) very happy with a very large dog that (be) too big for its kennel and which (like) to sleep on your bed!

6. Unless you (train) it, it may (attack) people or (bark) loudly day and night.

7. Nobody (love) a disobedient pet. Perhaps, this (be) why so many people (keep) birds or fish as pets.

Whatever you (decide) in the end, think carefully before you (make) a decision?

UNIT 21

THE NATURAL WORLD.

3.1. MAMMALS.

3.2. THE WORLD ABOUT US.

 

I. Read the following words paying attention to the pronun­ciation.

to domesticate [da'mestikeit], fibre ['faiba], protein ['prautin], economic ['ika'nomik], value ['v«lju:], production [pra'dAkJn], source [so:s], mohair ['mauhea], leather ['le5a], fertilizer ['fe:talaiza], mechanical [mi'ksnikl], to plough [plau], utiliza­tion [jutilai'zeijn], antibiotic ['«ntibai'ctik], vaccine ['v«ksi:n].

II. Read the text and answer the question: What can you say about the economic value of livestock?

Livestock

Livestock is the term used to refer to a domesticated animal intentionally reared to produce food or fibre, or for its labour. The term generally does not include poultry or farmed fish.

Livestock may be raised for subsistence or for profit. Raising animals (animal husbandry) is an important compo­nent of modern agriculture.

The economic value of livestock includes:

Meat

The production of a useful form of protein and energy.

Dairy products

Mammalian livestock can be used as a source of milk, which can be processed into other dairy products such as yo­gurt, cheese, butter, ice cream, kefir, and kumis.

Fiber

Livestock produce a range of fiber/textiles. For example, sheep and goats produce wool and mohair; cows, deer, and sheep can make leather; bones, hooves and horns of livestock can be used too.

Fertilizer

Manure can be spread on fields to increase crop yields. This is an important reason why historically, plant and ani­mal domestication have been intimately linked.

Labour

Animals such as horses, donkey, and yaks can be used for mechanical energy. They are still used for this purpose in many places of the world, including ploughing fields, trans­porting goods, and military functions.

Land management

The grazing of livestock is sometimes used as a way to control weeds and undergrowth.

During the history of animal husbandry many secondary products have arisen in an attempt to increase carcass utili­zation and reduce waste. For example, animal offal and non- edible parts may be transformed into products such as pet food and fertilizer. In the past such waste products were also fed to livestock as well.

ACTIVE WORDS to arise v (arose, arisen) [a'raiz] возникать, появляться attempt n [a'tempt] попытка carcass n ['kakas] туша dietary a ['daiatari] диетический to domesticate v [da'mestikeit] приручать donkey n ['dcr)ki] осел edible a ['edibl] съедобный, годный в пищу fertilizer n ['fe:talaiza] удобрение to graze v [greiz] пасти, пастись hoof n [hu:f] копыто, копытное животное horn n [ho:n] рог

 

to include v	[in'klu:d]	включать
labour n	['leiba]	труд, работа
leather n	[1ебэ]	кожа
manure n	[ma'njua]	навоз, удобрение
offal n	M	требуха, потроха; отбросы
profit n	['profit]	польза, выгода
protein n	['prautiin]	протеин, белок
to raise v	[reiz]	разводить
to rear v	[пэ]	растить, выводить, выращивать
secondary a	['sekandari]	вторичный
subsistence n	[sab'sistans]	средства к существованию, пропитание
term n	[t3:m]	термин
value n	['Vffiljtt]	ценность, стоимость
waste n	[weist]	потери, убыль
waste products n	[weist 'prodAkts]	отходы

III. Give the English equivalents for the following words and phrases.

прирученное животное; важная причина; домашняя пти­ца; волокно; молочные продукты; пропитание; может быть использован; скот; скотоводство; навоз; труд; польза; эко­номическая ценность; источник молока; транспортиров­ка товара; копыта; увеличивать урожай сельскохозяйст­венных культур; рога; пахота; удобрение; кожа; корм для животных.

IV. Make up world combinations

 

to be used

to domesticate

to raise

to produce

to increase

to process into

food or fibre

goods

weeds

other dairy products

waste

for profit nad stbsisrance

to control

to reduce

to transport

for military function

crop yields

animals

 

V. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate form of the words below.

1.... is an important component of modern agriculture.

2.... is the term used to refer to a domesticated animal intentionally reared to produce food or fibre.

3. Mammalian livestock..., which can be processed into other dairy products such as yogurt, cheese, butter.

4. The economic value of livestock is...

5. Sheep and goats produce...

6. Cows, deer, and sheep can make...

7.... can be spread on fields to increase crop yields.

8. Horses, donkey, and yaks are still used... in many places of the world, including ploughing fields, transport­ing goods, and military functions.

9. The grazing of livestock is sometimes used as a way to control...

10. During the history of animal husbandry... have arisen in an attempt to increase carcass utilization and re­duce waste.

animal husbandry; manure; can be used as a source of milk; for different purposes; livestock; huge; many secondary products; wool and mohair; leather; weeds and under­growth.

VI. Answer the questions.

1. What does the term livestock mean?

2. What is an important component of modern agricul­ture?

3. What does the economic value of livestock include?

4. What aim is the grazing of livestock sometimes used for?

5. What has been done to increase carcass utilization and reduce waste?

 

VII. Fill in the gaps the appropriate words.

Animal/Type	Domestica­tion Status	Time of First Captivity/ Domestica­tion	Area of First Captivity/ Domestica­tion	Current Commercial Uses
Cattle Mammal, herbivore	domestic	6000 ВС	Southwest Asia, India, North Africa	meat (beef, veal, blood), milk, leather, draught
Deer Mammal, herbivore	—		North America
Dog Mammal, omnivore	domestic	12 000 ВС	—
Donkey Mammal, herbivore	domestic	4000 ВС	Egypt	mount, pack animal, draught, meat
Goat Mammal, herbivore	domestic	8000 ВС	Southwest Asia
Horse Mammal, herbivore	domestic	4000 ВС	Ukraine	mount, packhorse, draught, meat, milk
Pig Mammal, omnivore	domestic	7000 ВС	Eastern Anatolia
Rabbit Mammal, herbivore	domestic	between AD 400-900	France	meat, wool
Reindeer Mammal, herbivore	semi- domestic	3000 ВС	Northern Russia	meat, leather, antlers, milk, draught
Sheep Mammal, herbivore	domestic	between 9000 ВС-11000 ВС	Southwest Asia

a) milk, meat, wool, leather, light draught;

b) meat (pork, bacon, etc.), leather;

c) pack animal, draught, hunting, herding, searching/ gathering, watching/guarding, meat;

d) wool, leather, meat (mutton and lamb);

e) meat (venison), leather, antlers, antler velvet.

VIII. Revise the rules in the Grammar Reference § 4.2 and state the function of Participle I and Participle II. Trans­late the sentences into Russian.

1. If not corrected by surgery, infection may occur and the animal may die.

2. There is a whole group of bacterial diseases affecting the skin.

3. Newly admitted animals are usually vaccinated by vet­erinary technologists.

4. Maize is an excellent food for animas if given in com­bination with other food.

5. In developing countries animal diseases are tolerated in animal husbandry.

6. Cattle hides, used for leather to make shoes and cloth­ing, are another important product.

7. The sounds made by the cats have various meaning.

8. Livestock is the term used to refer to a domesticated animal intentionally reared in agriculture.

9. Mammalian livestock can be used as a source of milk.

10. Horses, donkey, and yaks are still used for ploughing fields and transporting goods in many places of the world.

IX. Make up sentences using the vocabulary of the text.

 

 

UNIT 22