Task 16. Use “something”, “anything”, “nothing”, “somebody”, “anybody”, “nobody”.

1. I want to tell you... interesting.

2. It’s so dark in the room. I can’t see....

3. When I opened the box, I saw that it was empty. There was... inside.

4. We had...to eat the whole day, soI’m hungry.

5. Look! The house is very quiet. I think... lives there.

6. The excursion was very dull, we didn’t see... interesting.

7. Do you know...in this village?

8. There is... in the fridge. Go and buy... for dinner.

Task 17. Make up sentences according to the examples given below.

Example 1: There is little snow here in winter. There is much water in the pond.

Example 2: There are many wolves in the pack. There are few birds in the cage.

A. There is little (much):

grass on the ground, rain in autumn, food in the bag, furniture in the room, money in the desk, butter in the fridge, salt in the sea, sugar in the tea, information in the catalogue.

B. There are few (many):

eggs in the fridge, winds in winter, berries in the orchard, vegetables on the table, trees in this forest, chickens on the farm, people in the yard, rocks on the Moon, spots on the Sun.

Task 18. Countable or uncountable? Put these words in the right list. Use your dictionary if necessary. (Countable nouns can be used with a/an, and have plurals. Uncountable nouns cannot be used with a/an, and have no plurals).

fridge, heat, water, vinegar, rabbit, metal, knee, leather, fun, rice, thunderstorm, vegetable, milk, information, nut, apple, advice, tomato, wine, bread, sweet, potato, grass, free, bird, bush, lion, onion, leg, dust, lemon, air, territory, country, planet, leaf, fruit, root, person, animal, weather, glass, money, hair, difference, education, house, piano, luggage, news.

Countable nouns: cooker, idea, berry...

Uncountable nouns: meat, intelligence, music...

Task 19. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the use of modal verbs.

1. She can speak two foreign languages.

2. When he was a child he could play the piano very well.

3. I can’t drink my tea, it’s too hot!

4. You may take a day off, if you are tired.

5. May I have my test next week?

6. I can’t understand anything in this report.

7. It’s 11 o’clock, you must go to bed at once.

8. On some farms people must clean their shoes before they come into the barn.

9. I have to leave now because I have a lot of work to do at home.

10. He had to work hard last year as he needed a lot of money for his large family.

11. They will have to translate the whole text to understand the meaning of it.

12. You may come a little later tomorrow.

13.I can hear some noise outside.

14. Must I ring him up today? — No, you needn’t, you may do it tomorrow.

15. You have to go and tell him everything now.

Task 20. Fill in: can, can’t, must, mustn’t.

LONDON ZOO: RULES AND REGULATIONS

1. You... feed the monkeys but you... feed the lions.

2. You... put your hands in the cages. It’s dangerous.

3. You... always be very careful.

4. You... take pictures if you want to. You... also buy souvenirs from the zoo shop.

5. You... keep the place clean and tidy.

6. You... make noise. It upsets the animals.

7. You... step on the grass. Keep to the path.

Task 21. Use “must” or “have to” (in its correct form). Sometimes it is possible to use either.

1. You really... work harder if you want to pass examination.

2. Many children in Britain... wear uniform when they go to school.

3. Last night our dog suddenly got ill. We... call the vet.

4. Ann... wear glasses since she was 8 years old.

5. I’m afraid, I can’t come tomorrow. I... work late.

6. I’m sorry, I couldn’t come yesterday. I... work late.

7. We couldn’t treat our pet ourselves. We... take it to the vet.

8. When you come to London again, you... come and see us.

Task 22. Choose the right modal verb in the following sen­tences.

Example: They mustn’t/needn’t buy a new car. Their car is good enough.

1. You mustn’t/needn’t attend the meeting. There will be nothing interesting this time.

2. You mustn’t/needn’t talk to the driver while he is driving.

3. You mustn’t/needn’t smoke in front of the children.

4. You mustn’t/needn’t vacuum-clean the room. I’ll do it myself.

5. You mustn’t/needn’t take dogs into the restaurant.

6. You mustn’t/needn’t feed the animals in the zoo.

7. Children mustn’t/needn’t run in the corridor.

8. We mustn’t/needn’t cut the grass; it’s still quite short.

 

Task 23 Read the text and say whether these statements are true or false.

1. People must not eat red meat.

2. You may have problems with your heart if you eat a lot of veal.

3. White meat can cause lung diseases.

4. There will be fewer starving people if more people become vegetarians.

5. Children must have a balanced diet.

6. There are practically no vitamins in meat.

7. Many people think that meat is very delicious.

8. Both children and adults must have meat dishes every day.

 

Task 24. Read these short descriptions of certain kinds of food. Ignore the words you don’t understand. Then see if you can answer the questions.

 

MEAT: ТО EAT OR NOT ТО EAT?

However, there is no easy answer to the question. Some people say, meat is bad for us; others claim meat is essential for our health. So where does the truth lie?

Experts say red meat, such as veal, can be harmful: if you eat a lot of it, you may develop heart problems. White meat, such as pork or chicken, is not as bad, according to the experts. Furthermore, it is argued by anti-meat-eating group that if more people switched to a vegetarian diet, there would be less starvation in the world.

In the case of children, doctors agree that they need a balanced diet to help them grow. Meat provides a range of proteins and vitamins that are essential for a healthy body. Finally, although I personally don’t eat meat, very often, many people think it is the most enjoyable and satisfying type of food there is.

Perhaps a reasonable compromise would be to say, “Yes, eat meat but don’t overdo it!”

WHICH FOOD IS IT?

A. They are a basic part of the diet in many countries all over the world. They are round, grow in the ground and have thin skin which is often peeled before they are cooked. They can be boiled, fried or baked.

B. They are really a fruit although many people regard them as a vegetable. They are soft, red and round and were discovered in South America in the 16^th century. They are often eaten raw in salads and are also cooked, especially when they are used in sauces for meat and other things.

C. They are a kind of flat shellfish, and can be eaten either raw or cooked. They are now considered to be “food for the rich”, although they were once so cheap in England that poor people ate them all the time.

D. This is one of the oldest vegetables in history. The ancient Greeks and Romans used to eat them raw for breakfast, with a little bit of salt. They are round, with a thin skin which has to be removed before they can be cooked or eaten. They have a very strong smell and are often used to give flavour to soups, sauces and other dishes.

E. The meat from this animal is very popular in some countries but it is forbidden to eat it in other countries because it is considered impure.

F. These small animals live in sewers and other filthy places. They have very sharp teeth and will eat way though almost anything. In one part of Belgium a special type of this animal is cooked and eaten in a stew. According to people who have enjoyed this dish, the meat tastes something like rabbit.

G. They are small, round and full of juice. Some of them are dark or “red” and others are light or “green”. They are used to make wine.

H. The seed of a plant which is grown in warm, wet places and eaten everywhere in the world, but particularly in China, Japan and other Asian countries.

I. This insect causes famine when it comes in great num­bers and eats all the crops. However, the ancient Egyptians used to enjoy eating it. It was usually roasted and then eaten whole, wings and all.

J. An eight-legged sea animal with a hard shell. The flesh can be eaten after boiling, when it turns bright red. It is closely related to insects although people who pay high prices for it in restaurants do not often realise this.

QUESTIONS

1. Name just one of the foods you were able to guess.

2. What were the words that helped you to guess this food?

3. Now name the other foods you were able to guess. Give the words in the description which helped you to guess each food.

 

 

Task 25. Read the three texts and give advice to a cat owner on how to feed his cat.

A. KINDS OF CAT FOOD

Commercial cat foods come in three basic forms: dry, semi­moist, and canned. Many owners feed their cats more than one type of food each day. It is a good idea to accustom a cat to eating several types and flavors of food early in life to avoid firmly established food preferences. The most important thing about choosing cat food is that the label says “complete and balanced”. Then any form of food is fine for a cat. Many owners feed a combination of dry and canned foods.

Vegetarian diets will not provide a cat with enough pro­tein, taurine, essential fatty acids, and minerals to maintain health. Cats often like vegetables, and some vegetable matter is contained in almost all commercial cat foods.

Semi-moist foods, once popular, are falling out of favour. While some cats loved them, the chemical odor was not ap­preciated by others. Many semi-moist foods are preserved with a high sugar content and many contained propylene glycol, which can damage cats’ red blood cells. We do not recommend semi-moist diets, although an occasional semi­moist treat is all right.

Special-formula (prescription) diets are designed to meet the specific needs of cats with medical conditions, such as food- related allergies, heart condition, kidney failure, and so on.

B. FINICKY EATERS^[1]

Some cats are more particular about their food than others. In general there are several kinds of finicky eating. The most common type is when a cat develops a preference for one particular type of flavour of food, usually some sort of fish or chicken. If fish is preferred, it won’t hurt a cat as long as the food is properly formulated and balanced. Problems can arise if a cat develops a preference for plain, unsupplemented fish intended for humans. Another problem with all-fish di­ets is steatites, a serious disease causing inflammation of body fat.

A cat may also reject food if he is upset for some reason. A move, a new pet or person in the household, a favourite animal or person going away — all of these events may cause a cat to lose his appetite. An owner will have to become a detective in this case to learn what may be upsetting a cat.

Sometimes there is no apparent cause for a sudden loss of appetite. If a cat is acting normal, in other ways it is safe to wait a day or two, often the cat’s favourite food and see what happens. Generally, a cat will begin to eat well again in a few days.

C. HOW MUCH/HOW OFTEN TO FEED

Cats do not do well on one meal a day. Many owners leave dry food out all day for snacking and give one or two “meals” of canned food to their adult cats. Others do not like leaving food out and simply provide two larger meals a day. If food is left out all day some cats will overeat and become overweight.

 

Task 26.Read the story and choose the correct alternative for each of the following questions.

1. The group decided

a) to eat in a restaurant;

b) to cook for themselves in the open air;

c) to go and buy some food;

d) to get Montmorency to cook for them.

2. Who was mainly in charge of cooking the Irish stew?

a) Harris; c) George;

b) Montmorency; d) the narrator.

3. They found peeling potatoes

a) difficult at first but they got used to it;

b) quite easy;

c) difficult but fun;

d) hard work.

4..How many different ingredients does the narrator men­tion went into the stew?

a) seven; c) nine; b) eight; d) ten.

5. Who was definitely in favour of including the water-rat in the stew?

a) Montmorency and the narrator;

b) Harris and George;

c) the narrator and George;

d) Harris and Montmorency.

6. What does “eyes” mean?

a) dirt; c) people watching;

b) dark spots; d) knives.

7. What does that in line 60 refer to?

a) The fact that they all had good teeth;

b) The fact that they didn’t all have good teeth;

c) The fact that the peas and potatoes were soft;

 

 

UNIT 20

ANIMALS AND HUMANS.

THE LONDON ZOO

The London Zoo is one of the oldest zoos in the world. It was established in 1828 by the Zoological Society of London. The London Zoo, in Regent’s Park, has many famous build­ings, such as the aviary, which was designed by Lord Snowdon.

Today the Zoo contains more than 8,000 animals. As well as keeping and breeding many different animals and birds it studies wild animals and the things that have an effect on the way they live. Being an important scientific centre for the study of animals, the London Zoo breeds animals that are in danger of disappearing in native environments.

DIALOGUES

1. — Excuse me. I want to see the pelicans. Can you tell me how I get there?

— Yes, of course. Go past the Elephant Pavilion, that’s just on your right, then past the stork and ostrich house and the Reptile house...

— Where the snakes are.

— Yes, and you’ll see the pelicans straight in front of you.

2. — Excuse me, how do I get to the Snowdon Aviary?

— Oh, it’s quite a long way from here. The best way is to go straight on, past the penguins and seals on your right. When you reach the Elephant Pavilion, turn right. Then left, go straight on and go under the tunnel by the aquarium entrance. After the tunnel, go straight on, across the canal, turn left and the Snow­don Aviary is in front of you.

Task 1 Read Text 1 and the dialogues and speak on the history and importance of the London Zoo.

establish v — основать, учредить

keep (kept, kept) v — содержать; держать

aviary n, с — птичник; вольер для птиц

breed (bred, bred) v — разводить; воспитывать; размножаться, плодиться

\to be in danger of disappearing — подвергаться опасности уничтожения (исчезновения как вида)

in their native environments — в естественной среде обитания

stork n, с — аист

ostrich n, с — страус

penguin n, с — пингвин

 

THE DAY I CAME FACE TO FACE WITH A TIGER

Last year I went to Nepal for three months to work in a hospital. I think it’s important to see as much of a country as you can, but it is difficult to travel around Nepal. The hospital let me have a few days’ holiday, so I decided to go into the jungle and I asked a Nepalese guide, Kamal Rai, to go with me.

We started preparing for the trip at six in the morning, and left camp with two elephants carrying our equipment. It was hot, but Kamal made me wear shoes and trousers to protect me from snakes. In the jungle there was a lot of wildlife, but we were trying to find big cats, especially tigers. We climbed onto the elephants’ backs to get a better view, but it is unusual to find tigers in the afternoon because they sleep in the heat of the day.

Then, in the distance, we saw a tiger, and Kamal told me to be very quiet. We crept nearer and found a dead deer, still bleeding. This was the tiger’s lunch! Suddenly I started to feel very frightened.

We heard the tiger a second before we saw it. It jumped out like a flash of lightning, five hundred kilos plus and four meters long. I looked into its eyes and face and understood. I had never seen such big and fearful creatures before!

The tiger grabbed Kamal’s leg between its teeth, but I managed to pull Kamal away. One of our elephants ran at the tiger and made it go back into the grass, so we quickly escaped to let the tiger eat its lunch. That night it was impossible to sleep! The sight of the tiger with its mouth wide open will stay with me forever.

 

Task 2. QUESTIONS

1. Why did the author go to Nepal?

2. What does he think is important to do abroad?

3. Is it easy to travel in Nepal?

4. Did the hospital let him have a long holiday?

5. Who did he ask to go with him into the jungle?

6. What did the guide make him wear? Why?

7. Why did they climb into the elephants?

8. Why did the author start to feel very frightened?

9. How did Kamal escape?

10. What did the author feel at night? What were his thoughts?

 

ZOOS: ARE THEY GOOD FOR MAN OR BEAST?

Do you believe that animals should be kept in zoos?

There are many people today who think they should not. In order to find out people’s opinions, we asked a group of 100 people, and we were surprised by the result. About fifty per cent thought it was good; thirty per cent thought they should be in wildlife parks and twenty per cent thought that wild animals should live only in the wild. Read the opinions of these people about keeping animals in zoos.

Woman: Yes, I think zoos are a good idea, because every­one should know something about animals, and if animals aren’t kept in zoos, people can’t real­ly learn anything about them. Well, only from the television, and that’s not the same, is it? Children can go to zoos in order to see what they’ve been learning about at school.

Man: Well, I’m not sure. I think we need zoos be­cause people can only study wild animals when they’re in zoos, and we can learn so much from animals, don’t you think?

Teenage girl: What do I think about zoos? Gosh, I don’t know. Well, I think that, in order for us to learn about wild animals they must be kept in captivity of some kind, but it’s cruel to keep animals in small cages. Have you ever seen the lions and tigers in a zoo? They walk up and down, absolutely bored. No, I think that wildlife parks must be the best answer.

Old man: Em, no, I don’t agree with zoos. Wildlife parks? Well, I suppose they help to preserve natural conditions for the animals, but still, I’m not sure..

Young man: Oh no, I disagree with keeping animals in cap­tivity, whether in zoos or wildlife parks. Ani­mals should live in the wild if they were born in the wild. When they live in cages they become bored and they become even more dan­gerous in a way.

Older woman: No, I don’t really agree with zoos or wildlife parks. I think the only animals which should be kept in captivity are small animals which can still run and climb. Oh, and, of course, if an animal is born in a zoo or a wildlife park, it should stay there because it could never live in the wild.

Task 3.Give the Russian for the following phrases from the text (use your dictionary):

to find out people’s opinions; wildlife parks; to live in the wild; be kept in captivity; walk up and down; to preserve natural conditions; to become bored; to keep animals in cages.