Old English Phonological System 


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Old English Phonological System



Plan

Old English Phonological System.

1.1. Old English Vowel System;

1.2. Old English Consonant System.

 

References:

Obligatory:

1. Верба Л.Г. Історія англійської мови. Посібник для студентів та викладачів вищих навчальних закладів. –Вінниця: НОВА КНИГА, 2006.– на англ. мові, С. 30 –38.

2. Расторгуева Т.А. История английского языка: Учебник/ Т.А. Расторгуева. – 2-е изд. стер. – М: ООО «Издательство Астрель»: ООО «Издательство АСТ», 2003. [4 ] с. – На англ.яз, С. 34 –54.

Additional:

1. Бабенко О.В. Курс лекцій з історії английськой мови. Навчальний посібник для студентів зі спеціальності 6.020303 "Філологія (Переклад)", Частина 1: Вид-но НУБіП, 2011.– на англ. мові, С. 44 –51.

2. Lerer Seth. The History of the English Language, 2nd Edition. – 2008. – Part I.

Internet resources

http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=hemp

http://facweb.furman.edu/~wrogers/phonemes/

http://article.ranez.ru/id/675/ http://fajardo-acosta.com/worldlit/language/english-old.htm

OUTLINE

OLD ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM

Old English Vowel System

Phonetics and phonology are related, dependent fields for studying aspects of language. Phonetics is the study of sound in speech; phonology is the study (and use) of sound patterns to create meaning. Phonology relies on phonetic information for its practice, but focuses on how patterns in both speech and non-verbal communication create meaning, and how such patterns are interpreted. Phonology includes comparative linguistic studies of how cognates, sounds, and meaning are transmitted among and between human communities and languages.

Diagramme 1. “ Tree climbing from PIE to English ”.

Grimm’s Law
Proto-Indo-European

 

Rhotacism
Germanic

 
 


East Germanic Northwest Germanic

Gemination

 

Monophthongization
Gothic West North

 

Ingvaeonic

Palatalization
Istvaeonic Ermionic

       
   


Anglo-Frisian Old Saxon

 

Frisian

Old

English Low German

 

English (ModE) Dutch High German

Each branching of the language family tree is characterized by a distinct sound law. For English all of the sound laws mentioned above are applicable and they explain major differences in the pronunciation of cognate words between neighboring languages. Cognate is a word that has the same origin as another: (‘Haus’ and ‘house’ are cognates)

Picture 4. OLD ENGLISH VOWELS

The system of vowels in Old English included eight short vowels (monophthongs) (according to other sources 7) and seven long vowels

ɑ æ e i u o y ɑ

ɑ: æ: e: i: u: o: y:

And four short and four long diphthongs

ea eo ie io

ēa ēo īe īo

Pronunciation was characterized by a predictable stress pattern on the first syllable.

The length of the vowel was a phonemic quality. The words having long and short vowels differed in meaning:

ᵹod (god) - ᵹ ō d (good)

west (west) – w ē st (waste)

for (preposition for) – f ō r (past tense of the verb fāran - go)

Assimilative changes influenced OLD English

Assimilative changes are the changes that occurred in the language in specific surroundings. There are two types of assimilation: regressive, progressive.

If a sound influences the preceding sound, the assimilation is regressive, if it influences the following sound it is called progressive.

Both types of assimilation are found in Old English.

BREAKING OF VOWELS is the process of formation of a short diphthong from a simple short vowel when it is followed by a specific consonant.

Thus,

a + r +cons, l +cons. > ea

æ + h+cons. > ea

e + final - > eo

a > ea

For instance,

hard > heard (hard)

arm > earm (arm)

U

warm > wearm (warm)

e > eo

herte >heorte (heart)

melcan > meolcan (to milk)

feh > feoh (cattle)

UMLAUT OF VOWELS

Umlaut of vowels, which occurred probably in the 6th century, is also called (palatal) front mutation or i/j mutation.

The essence of this change is that a back sound (a, o) changes its quality if there is a front sound (i) in the next syllable.

a > æ; a > e

s a nd i an – s e ndan (to send)

n a mn i an – n e mnan (to name)

t a l i an-tælan-t e llan (to tell)

s a t i an- s æ tan (to set)



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