Общие сведения об английском языке

Предисловие

Данное учебное пособие «Базовый курс английского языка» предназначено для использования в программе обучения бакалавров по дисциплине «Иностранный язык (английский)» на технических факультетах высших учебных заведений.

Учебное пособие рассчитано на формирование и поддержание языковых и речевых навыков при работе, как в аудитории, так и самостоятельно. Это обеспечивает более глубокую и детальную проработку предложенных тем и более качественное закрепление изучаемого материала.

Пособие состоит из вводной части, где даются общие сведения об английском языке и рассматриваются основные грамматические формы, шести тематических разделов и комплекта тестов. Каждый тематический раздел содержит один или несколько текстов, собранных из разных аутентичных источников. Тексты частично сокращены и переработаны автором пособия. Они предназначены для подробного изучения, перевода и пересказа, что должно привести к закреплению и расширению лексической базы обучающихся. Тексты в каждом разделе сопровождаются активным словарем по изучаемой теме, который в дальнейшем используется в упражнениях по принципу преемственности. Также в каждом разделе имеются лексико-грамматические упражнения, упражнения для развития коммуникативных навыков, навыков письма и перевода.

Учебный материал пособия собран по принципу избыточности, что позволяет применять его в процессе работы с обучающимися разной степени подготовленности.

 

 

Contents

I. Introduction………………………………………………………………………..5

1. Общие сведения об английском языке………………………………….5

2. The English Alphabet……………………………………………………...6

3. Word building……………………………………………………………...

4. The Noun…………………………………………………………………..

5. The Article…………………………………………………………………

6. Образование основных глагольно-временных форм…………………………

6.1 Present Simple……………………………………………………

6.2 Past Simple……………………………………………………….

6.3 Future Simple……………………………………………………..

 

7. Общие сведения о структуре английского предложения………………

 

II. Unit 1. System of education. My University …………………………………..22

1. Text I.System of education……………………………………………

2. Text II. Moscow State University of Printing Arts named after IvanFedorov

3. Activities……………………………………………………………….

4. Texts for additional reading to the topic……………………………….

 

III. Unit 2. Computers in the modern world ………………………………………34

1. Text I: Types of Computers………………………………………….

2. Text II: Computers in the modern world…………………………….

3. Activities……………………………………………………………..

4. Grammar review: …………………………………………………..

4.1. Present Continuous………………………………………………

4.2. Past Continuous………………………………………………….

4.3. Future Continuous……………………………………………….

4.4. The degrees of comparison of Adjectives………………………

5. Extra activities………………………………………………………..

 

IV. Unit 3. Physics of Colours ……………………………………………………….50

1. Text I. Physics of colours…………………………………………….

2. Text II. History of colour theory……………………………………..

3. Activities……………………………………………………………

4. Grammar Review: ………………………………………………...

4.1. Present perfect………………………………………………….

4.2. Past Perfect……………………………………………………..

4.3. Future Perfect………………………………………………….

5. Texts for additional reading: Meaning of colours…………………….

 

V. Unit 4. The Sources of Energy ……………………………………………………69

1. Text: The Sources of Energy ………………………………………...

2. Activities ……………………………………………………………..

3. Grammar Review:

3.1. Modal Verbs……………………………………………………….

3.2. Attributive sentences………………………………….

3.3. Relative Clause……………………………………………………..

 

VI. Unit 5. The Latest Materials………………………………………………… 84

1. Text: The Latest Materials ………………………………………………..

2. Activities…………………………………………………………………..

3. Grammar review:

3.1. Reported Speech………………………………………………………….

3.2. Reported questions, orders, requests……………………………………..

4. Texts for additional reading and translation……………………………….

VII. Unit 6. The Greatest Development of Mankind …………………………… 97

1. Text:The Greatest Development of Mankind………………………

2. Activities……………………………………………………………

3. Grammar review:

The Infinitive and Infinitive Constructions……………………………..

 

 

VIII. Tests……………………………………………………………………………. 108

IX. Особенности перевода научно-технической литературы………………… 119

X. Appendix………………………………………………………………………….. 122

 

Introduction

The English Alphabet

 

Aa	Hh	Oo	Vv
Bb	Ii	Pp	Ww
Cc	Jj	Qq	Xx
Dd	Kk	Rr	Yy
Ee	Ll	Ss	Zz
Ff	Mm	Tt
Gg	Nn	Uu

 

Consonants: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, n, m, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, z

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatel	Velar	Labial-velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n			ŋ
Plosive	p b			t d			k ɡ
Affricate					tʃ ʤ
Fricative		f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ ʒ		(x)		h
Approximant				r		j		w
Lateral				l

Vowels: a, e, i, o, u, y

Monophtongs:

Letters combination	sound	word
ee, ea	iː	need
i	ɪ	bit
e	ɛ	bed
a	æ	back
o	ɒ	box
aw, ore	ɔː	paw, more
a	ɑː	bra
oo	ʊ	good
oo	uː	food
u	ʌ	but
ir	ɜː	bird
a	ə	comma

Diphthongs:

letters	sound	word
ay	eɪ	bay
oa	əʊ	road
y, i	aɪ	cry
ow	aʊ	cow
oy	ɔɪ	boy
ear	ɪə	fear
air	ɛə	fair
ure	ʊə	lure

Word building

Словообразование

Слова в английском языке бывают простые, не имеющие в своем составе ни префиксов, ни суффиксов(a school, a book, a chair) и производные, образованные от других частей речи с помощью суффиксов(a teach er, child hood) или префиксов (by street, out break) или одновременно и того и другого (un employ ment).

 

К характерным суффиксам производных существительных относятся:

-er/-or/-ar: driver, actor, beggar

-ant/-ent: assistant, servant, student

-ist: artist, dentist

-ment: government, agreement

-tion: education, attention

-sion: decision, permission

-ance/-ence: importance, absence

-ity: activity, priority

-ness: happiness, kindness

-th: truth, strength

-ism: communism, tourism

-cy: currency, policy

-dom: freedom, wisdom

-hood: childhood, brotherhood

-ship: friendship

-ty: activity

-ry: rivalry

-ure: pressure

-age: clearage, bandage

-tude: attitude, magnitude

-o(u)r: colour, parlour

 

Имена существительные почти не имеют характерных префиксов. Префиксы существительных совпадают с префиксами глаголов и прилагательных, от которых образованы существительные. Некоторые существительные образуются из двух и более слов и составляют одно понятие (classroom, newspaper).

Многие части речи совпадают по форме, и их можно отнести к той или иной части речи в зависимости от их роли в предложении (answer - to answer, dream – to dream, end – to end, work – to work, hope – to hope).

Имена прилагательные в английском языке, также как и существительные, бывают простые и производные. К наиболее характерным суффиксам прилагательныхотносятся следующие:

-ful: useful, hopeful, beautiful

-less: useless, helpless

-ous: famous, courageous

-al: formal, central

-able/-ible: eatable, visible

-ant/-ent: constant, permanent

-ive: active, attractive

-ic: pacific, comic

-y: crazy, noisy

Самыми употребительными префиксами прилагательных являются:

un-: unhappy, unreal

in-: incomplete, indifferent

im-: impatient, immortal

il-: illegal, illogical

ir-: irregular, irrational

 

Глаголы бывают простые (to run, to do, to swim) и производные (to reconstruct, to specialize).

Основные глагольные суффиксы:

-ate: to concentrate, to duplicate

-ize/-ise: to realize, to comprise

-fy: to justify

-en: to brighten, to broaden

 

Наречия по своему строению делятся на простые (often, seldom, never, still, yet, near, now, then, here, there), производные (happily, busily, easily, slowly) и сложные, образованные от двух и более основ (inside, outside, sometimes, somewhere, at last, at least, moreover).

Ряд наречий образован от других частей речи (напр. от прилагательных): daily, weekly, monthly

Суффиксы, образующие наречия:

-ly: seriously, quietly

-ways: sideways

-wise: clockwise, otherwise, crosswise

-ward(s): forward, backward, afterwards, homewards

-like: warlike

-fold: twofold, manifold

 

Практические задания

 

1. Прочитайте текст и определите, верное или неверное утверждение:

If you speak English, you have plenty of people to talk to. It is spoken in more parts of the world than any other language.

English has many borrowings. It started out taking words from Latin, Greek, French, and German. Then English went on to borrow words from more than 50 languages. From Italian, it took pizza and violin. From Spanish and Portuguese, it borrowed the words alligator, canyon, and sombrero. The Caribbean islands gave English barbecue and cannibal. From Africa came chimpanzee and zebra; from India came bandanna, curry. From Australia came kangaroo and boomerang.

Science caused an explosion in words. Some words in science combine parts of Greek and Latin words. They include penicillin, supersonic. Others were borrowed from modern languages. Robot comes from a Czech word.

 

№		True	False
a)	There are quite a few borrowings in English.
b)	The origin of the word canyon has been traced to Portuguese or Spanish.
c)	The word boomerang came from Africa.
d)	Kangaroo is an Australian word.
e)	There are Greek or Latin roots in a word supersonic.

 

2. Определите, к какой части речи относится выделенное слово:

Water and air are becoming more and more polluted.

You should water the flowers at least once a week.

 

There are government and public organizations that analyze data on land, forest and air.

In Hyde Park you could air your political views on public.

 

3. Заполните таблицы на словообразование:

 

Noun	Verb
change	…
…	to achieve
…	to advance
development	…
…	to protect
…	to pollute
action	…
…	to increase
elimination	…
…	to interact

 

Noun	Adjective
variety	…
ecology	…
environment	…
danger	…
industry	…
globe	…
nature	…
…	safe
…	numerous
ocean	…

 

4. Переведите производные слова. Дайте свои примеры. Составьте предложения:

Material – immaterial, limited- unlimited, important – unimportant, known – unknown, seen – unseen, perfect – imperfect, possible – impossible, legal – illegal, regular – irregular, mobile - immobile

Act – action – (in)active – actor, athlete – athletic – athletics, child – children – childhood, collect – collection – collector, entertain – entertainment, hero – heroic – heroine, music – musical – musician, play – player – playful, sail – sailing – sailor, sing – sang – sung – song – singer – singing.

 

5. Заполните, где возможно, пропуски в таблице и дайте перевод полученных слов. Пользуйтесь словарем.

 

Verb	Noun (idea)	Noun (person)	Adjective	-ing form
activate	activism activity activation	activist	active	activating
to develop	development		developed developmental
to use			used
to create	creating creativity	creator creature
to operate			operational operative
to keep	keep keeping		_________
to carry	carry carriage		_________
to navigate
to convert	convert conversion
to invent
to play

 

The Noun

Имя существительное

 

Имена существительные в английском языке бывают собственными и нарицательными.

К собственным именам существительным относятся:

1. имена (Tom, Silvia, Peter), фамилии (Dickens, Bush, McDonald), псевдонимы (Mark Twain, Marilyn Monroe), прозвища людей (Yankee), клички животных (Spot, Buddy)

2. географические названия (London, England, the Thames, the North Sea, the Atlantic Ocean)

3. астрономические названия (the Sun, the Earth, the Great Bear, the Milky Way)

4. топографические названия (улицы, площади, здания, мосты) (Downing Street, Trafalgar Square, Big Ben, Tower Bridge)

5. названия кораблей, гостиниц, клубов (“Titanic”, “Hilton”)

6. названия газет и журналов (The Morning Star, Cosmopolitan, Men’s Health)

7. названия месяцев и дней недели (January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December; Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday)

8. национальность и название национального языка (the English – English, the Russians – Russian).

 

Все эти имена существительные пишутся с прописной буквы.

 

 

К нарицательным именам существительным относятся:

1. имена существительные, обозначающие отдельные предметы

(a book - books, a tree – trees)

1. собирательные существительные - группа лиц или животных обозначающих одно целое (a family - families, a crowd - crowds, a herd – herds)
2. вещества (water, wool, steel, oil)
3. абстрактные понятия (work, sleep, love)

 

 

Практические задания

1. Объясните все употребления прописной буквы в именах существительных:

Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie (1890-1976) was born on September 15, 1890 in Torquay, Devonshire. She was the third child of Clarissa and Frederick Miller, and grew into a beautiful girl with waist-length golden hair. She didn’t go to school. She was educated at home by her mother and took singing lessons in Paris. She began writing detective fiction while working as a nurse during World War I. Her first novel, The Mysterious Affair at Styles, was published in 1920. That was the first appearance of Hercule Poirot, who became one of the most popular private detectives. This little Belgian amazed everyone by his powerful intellect and his brilliant solutions to the most complicated crimes.

The elderly Miss Jane Marple, Christie’s other principal detective figure, first appeared in The Murder of Roger Ackroyd (1926), which is considered Christie’s masterpiece. It was followed by some 75 novels that usually made bestseller lists. Her plays include The Mousetrap, which set a world record for the longest continuous run at one theatre (8862 performances – more than 21 years – at the Ambassadors Theatre, London).

Agatha Christie’s success with millions of readers lies in her entertaining plots, excellent character drawing, a great sense of humour. The reader cannot guess who the criminal is up to the end of the novel. Fortunately, evil is always punished in her novels.

 

1. Обсудите текст в парах:

1. The facts of Agatha Christie’s life.
2. What is her first novel?
3. Where was the first appearance of Hercule Poirot?
4. Who was Christie’s other principal detective figure?
5. What play set a world record for the longest continuous run?
6. Why are Christie’s books so popular with the readers?

 

The Article

Артикль

Артикль является определителем имени существительного. Он не имеет отдельного значения, но передает значение определенности или неопределенности существительного и влияет на порядок слов при переводе.

Неопределенный артикль a(an) произошел из древнеанглийского числительного an (one один) и сегодня сохраняет это значение в большинстве случаев.

An употребляется перед гласными a, e, i, o, u и непроизносимым согласным h, в остальных случаях

· при классификации (лица или предмета):

Richard works in a bank.

Can I ask a question?

I have a brother.

Do you want an apple?

· Обобщающее значение:

A cow gives milk.

A ball is round.

 

· Числовое значение:

Rome was not built in a day.

Wait a minute!

An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

· С неисчисляемыми абстрактными существительными, когда указывается их дозировка или порция:

Give me an ice-cream, please.

He drank a glass of milk.

She ordered a tea.

 

· В ряде устойчивых сочетаний:

a few

a little

a lot of

a great deal of

as a rule

as a result

for a while

in a hurry

to go for a walk

to have a good time

to tell a lie

It is a pity.

It is a pleasure.

It is a shame!

What a shame!

 

 

Определенный артикль the произошел от древнеанглийского указательного местоимения se (tha t тот) и частично сохраняет это значение. Определенный артикль употребляется:

• Когда из ситуации или контекста понятно, о каком лице или предмете говориться:

What is the name of this street?

What’s the time?

• Когда есть определение лица или предмета, выделяющее его из общего ряда

This is the house that Jack built.

• Когда предмет единственный в своем роде

The Moon moves round the Earth.

The Internet, the radio, the top, the end

• Перед превосходной степенью определения

Asia is the largest continent.

He is the best student in our group.

• Когда лицо или предмет обобщает весь класс подобных лиц или предметов и в этом значении употребляется в единственном числе

The horse is a domestic animal.

I can play the piano and learn to play the guitar.

• С географическими названиями некоторых государств, сторон света

The USA, the UK, the North Pole, the Arctic

• С названиями океанов, морей, рек, каналов и озер без определяемого слова

The Pacific ocean, the Black sea, the Thames, the English Channel, the Panama Canal, the Ontario, the Baikal

• С названиями горных цепей

The Urals, the Alps, the Caucasus

• С названиями пустынь

The Sahara

• С названиями большинства газет

The Times, the Morning Star, the Washington Post

• С фамилией, называющей всю семью

The Browns, the Smiths, the Forsytes

• В устойчивых словосочетаниях

the other day

the day after tomorrow

the day before yesterday

in the morning

in the afternoon

in the evening

in the plural

in the singular

in the past

in the present

on the whole

on the one hand…on the other hand

out of the question

just the same

by the way

to tell the truth

to go to the cinema (theatre)

 

 

Практические задания

 

1. Correct the mistakes:

 

		OK	Put the
	What is on television today?
	Our apartment is on second floor.
	Would you like to go to moon?
	Internet is a good way of getting information.
	My sister got married last month.
	The book is on top of the shelf
	Paula is learning to play the drum
	Which is best hotel in this town?
	The table is in the middle of the room.
	I listen to radio a lot.

1. Write a/an or the:

 

1. Canada is … very big country.
2. We enjoyed our trip. … hotel was very nice.
3. London is … interesting city.
4. London is … capital of England.
5. Lisa is … youngest child in our family.
6. She is … student.
7. Do you live far from … centre?
8. … weather is fine today.
9. In … yard there are many children, playing with … ball.
10. I’d like to speak to … manager, please.

 

3. Fill in the articles where necessary:

 

1. … Caucasus separates … Black Sea from … Caspian Sea.

2. … USA is … largest country in … America.

3. Lomonosov was born in … small village on … shore of …White Sea.

4. … Europe and … America are separated by …Atlantic Ocean.

5. … Nile flows across … northeastern part of … Africa to … Mediterranean Sea.

6. … North Sea separates … British Isles from …Europe.

7. There is … canal called … Moscow-Volga Canal which joints … Moscow River to … Volga.

8. Which … river flows through … London? - … Thames.

Образование основных грамматических форм

Present Indefinite (Simple)

Употребление:

Настоящее простое (неопределенное) употребляется для обозначения действия, относящегося к настоящему времени:

• Для обозначения простых фактов и общих истин:

Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

The Earth goes round the Sun.

I live in Moscow.

London is the capital of England.

 

• Для выражения повседневных, повторяющихся действий, привычек, обычаев:

I have a cup of coffee every morning.

She usually goes to bed at 11 o’clock in the evening.

They visit their parents every weekend.

Helen goes to the library once a month.

We always go to the university by bus.

 

• Для обозначения действия, совершающегося в момент речи, с глаголами восприятия, умственной деятельности, чувства и обладания:

I love you.

He likes strong tea.

This book belongs to my father.

I understand what you mean.

My little brother hates vegetables.

 

Present Simple: to work

Утвердительная форма	Отрицательная форма	Вопросительная форма
I work	I do not work	Do I work?
He works She works It works	He does not work She does not work It does not work	Does he work? Does she work? Does it work?
We work You work They work	We do not work You do not work They do not work	Do we work? Do you work? Do they work?

do not = don’t

does not = doesn’t

 

Present Simple: to be

Утвердительная форма	Отрицательная форма	Вопросительная форма
I am	I am not (I’m not)	Am I?
He is She is It is	He is not (isn’t) She is not (isn’t) It is not (isn’t)	Is he? Is she? Is it?
We are You are They are	We are not (aren’t) You are not (aren’t) They are not (aren’t)	Are we? Are you? Are they?

 

Past Indefinite (Simple)

Употребление:

Прошедшее простое (неопределенное) употребляется:

• Для описания завершившихся действий, происходивших в прошлом в определенное время:

I bought three CDs yesterday.

Dr Nixon worked at the Oxford University last year.

 

• Для описания ситуаций и состояний, имевших место в прошлом:

I had green hair for a while as a teenager.

 

• Для описания обычных, повторяющихся действий в прошлом:

We played football every Sunday.

When I was a student, I used to ride a bike to classes.

 

• Для описания ряда последовательных действий в прошлом:

He ran out of the house, crossed the road and jumped on the bus.

Mr. West came up to the house, took the key out of his pocket and opened the door.

 

Форма прошедшего простого (неопределенного) времени правильных глаголов образуется путем прибавления к основе инфинитива окончания – ed: to talk – talked, to work – worked, to open – opened.

Если основа оканчивается на непроизносимое е, то прибавляется только - d: to live – lived, to like – liked.

Форма прошедшего простого (неопределенного) времени неправильных глаголов образуется различными способами, которые нужно запомнить или смотреть по таблице неправильных глаголов (см. Appendix) или в словаре: to speak – spoke, to meet – met, to know – knew.

Образование: to work -работать (правильный глагол); to meet – встречать (неправильный глагол)

Утвердительная форма	Отрицательная форма	Вопросительная форма
I worked/met	I did not work/meet	Did I work/meet?
He worked/met She worked/met It worked/met	He did not work/meet She did not work/meet It did not work/meet	Did he work/meet? Did she work/meet? Did it work/meet?
We worked/met You worked/met They worked/met	We did not work/meet You did not work/meet They did not work/meet	Did we work/meet? Did you work/meet? Did they work/meet?

did not = didn’t

 

Past simple: to be

Утвердительная форма	Отрицательная форма	Вопросительная форма
I was	I was not (wasn’t)	Was I?
He was She was It was	He was not (wasn’t) She was not (wasn’t) It was not (wasn’t)	Was he? Was she? Was it?
We were You were They were	We were not (weren’t) You were not (weren’t) They were not (weren’t)	Were we? Were you? Were they?

 

Future Indefinite (Simple)

Употребление:

Будущее простое (неопределенное) время употребляется для обозначения:

• Какого-либо факта в будущем:

Next year I shall finish school.

The queen will open a new hospital tomorrow.

• Какого-либо решения или намерения в будущем, принятого в момент речи:

I’ll go with you.

• Для выражения предложения или просьбы:

I’ll do the washing up.

Will you open the window?

 

Форма будущего простого времени образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола shall для 1-го лица и will для всех лиц и чисел и инфинитива без частицы to: shall/will play (буду/будет) играть.

 

Образование Future Simple: to go

Утвердительная форма	Отрицательная форма	Вопросительная форма
I shall go	I shall not go	Shall I go?
He will go She will go It will go	He will not go She will not go It will not go	Will he go? Will she go? Will it go?
We shall go You will go They will go	We shall not go You will not go They will not go	Shall we go? Will you go? Will they go?

shall not =shan’t

will not = won’t

 

Future simple: to be

Утвердительная форма	Отрицательная форма	Вопросительная форма
I shall be	I shall not be	Shall I be?
He will be She will be It will be	He will not be She will not be It will not go	Will he be? Will she be? Will it be?
We shall be You will be They will be	We shall not be You will not be They will not be	Shall we be? Will you be? Will they be?

 

 

Практические задания:

 

1. Make the sentences negative:

a. Today our lectures begin at 10 o’clock.

b. She had four exams last semester.

c. My friend lives in a hostel.

d. Usually I get up at 7 o’clock.

e. I was born in December.

f. He will enter the university next year.

g. We will be graduates in two years.

h. They will take all necessary books from the library.

i. She will have four exams next semester.

j. I’ll be back.

k. He entered the university last year.

l. We were schoolchildren two years ago.

 

1. Give the past form of the verbs:

To go, to see, to make, to think, to sing, to begin, to know, to buy, to write, to read.

 

1. Is the sentence right or wrong?

a. He will pass his exam on Thursday.

b. She read many books next summer.

c. They will write essays for the university newspaper.

d. My brother come tomorrow.

e. Their friends have three lectures tomorrow.

f. Tom is my friend.

g. They are at the theatre yesterday.

 

1. Ask the questions to the sentences:

a. I am very busy today.

b. We are the students of Moscow State University of Printing Arts.

c. Mary is a good singer.

d. We read many English magazines.

e. We had two lectures yesterday.

f. The students worked in the laboratory last week.

g. I got excellent marks for my exams.

h. The students will work in the practice training centre next week.

i. I will get excellent marks for my exams.

 

1. Use the correct form of the verb:

a. She (to see) the film next Sunday.

b. Tomorrow they (to go) to help their grandmother.

c. Alex (to meet) his friend in two hours.

d. I hope the rain (to stop) in half an hour.

e. Tonight I (to go) to bed very early.

f. She (to see) the film last Sunday.

g. Yesterday they (to decide) to join the university football team.

h. Alex (to meet) his friend two hours ago.

i. The rain (to stop) half an hour ago.

j. Last night I (to feel) tired and (to go) to bed very early.

k. My working day (to begin) at seven o’clock.

l. I (to get) up, (to switch) on the radio and (to do) my morning exercises.

m. She (to go) to the university by train.

 

1. Translate into English:

a. Летом у нас будет практика.

b. Он обязательно поступит в институт.

c. Все студенты нашей группы поедут на экскурсию.

d. Она возьмет книги в библиотеке.

e. Профессор будет принимать экзамен по физике в три часа.

f. Прошлым летом мы жили за городом.

g.Он поступал в институт дважды.

h. Все студенты нашей группы были друзьями.

i. Она хотела взять книги в библиотеке.

j. Наш профессор по физике был очень строгим.

k.Я учусь в университете.

l. Мы студенты первого курса.

m. Они не учат английский язык.

n. Вы работаете? – Да.

o. Он работает? – Нет, он учится в университете.

 

 

Are the sentences correct?

a. It is dark in the room.

b. There is no place like home.

c. There were no flowers in the vase.

d. In the room a man is.

e. Come here, boy.

 

2. Translate into Russian:

The bear killed the hunter

The hunter killed the bear.

 

3. Translate into English:

a. Сколько времени?

b. Дом англичанина – его крепость.

c. Там кто-то был.

d. В комнате темно.

e. Что там на столе?

 

Unit I

Text I: System of education

Higher education takes an important part in the life of any country. There are about 3000 institutions of higher education in Russia and more than 200 in Moscow. Usually the structure of each university is traditional. The head of the university is a rector. There are several faculties at the university. Each faculty is headed by a dean and has a number of specialized departments. The course of studies lasts 4-6 years. The academic year in the higher school begins on the 1^st of September and is divided into two terms (autumn and spring semesters). The students take credits and exams at the end of each term. If the results of the examinations are good, they get grants or scholarship. The universities can offer different systems of study to their students. It can be a full-time (resident) learning, special evening education, or external learning (by correspondence).

At present a new system of education is introduced at the university – a distance education system. This computer system of learning helps working professionals to continue their education staying at their jobs. This system enables people to get basic sciences’ knowledge in a certain field of study. Distance learning has developed over years from satellite video courses to modern videoconferencing through personal computers.

The oldest, largest, and the most prestigious university in Russia is Moscow State University named after M. V. Lomonosov. It was founded in 1755 by the linguist M. V. Lomonosov and was modeled after German system of education. In the second half of the 19^th century, Moscow State University became the most important centre of scientific researches in Russia. It has more than 350 laboratories, a number of research institutes, several observatories, and also several museums.

The economic development of each country depends on the level of education which its citizens have. There is always a great need in highly-qualified specialists for future prospects and progress. Nowadays the styles of teaching, the quality of learning materials and organization of the institution have to be brought up to date and improved. We should remember that education is a process through which culture is preserved, knowledge and skills are developed, values are formed, and information is exchanged. Education is the way to success.

 

Answer the questions:

1. How many institutions of higher education are there in Russia?
2. What is the oldest and the most prestigious university in Russia?
3. What is the traditional structure of university?
4. What do the students usually do at the end of each term?
5. Who gets the scholarship?
6. How long is the academic year at the university?
7. Can you name any systems of education? Do it.
8. What do you know about M. V. Lomonosov?
9. Is higher education important?
10. Is education the way to success?

 

 

Passive Voice

(Страдательный залог)

	Present	Past	Future	Future-in-the-Past
Simple	A letters is written every day.	The letter was written yesterday.	The letter will be written tomorrow.	(He said that) the letter would be written the next day.
Continuous (progressive)	The letter is being written now.	The letter was being written at 5 o’clock yesterday.	--------	--------
Perfect	The letter has already been written.	The letter had been written by 5 o’clock yesterday.	The letter will have been written by 5 o’clock tomorrow.	(He said that) the letter would have been written by 5 o’clock the next day.

 

При образовании вопросительной формы вспомогательный глагол ставиться перед подлежащим.

Was the doctor sent for? (Послали за доктором?)

Why has the doctor been sent for? (Почему послали за доктором?)

Если вспомогательных глаголов несколько (в сложных формах напр. Future Perfect Passive), то перед подлежащим ставиться первый вспомогательный глагол:

Will the letter have been written by 5 o’clock tomorrow? (Будет ли письмо написано завтра к 5 часам?)

В отрицательной форме отрицание следует за первым вспомогательным глаголом.

The letter was not written yesterday. (Письмо не было написано вчера.)

The doctor has not been sent for. (За доктором не послали.)

Exercise 6: Underline the passive constructions in the following sentences. Try to transfer the sentences into active voice:

1. The first Russian university was modeled after German system of education.
2. Each faculty is headed by a dean.
3. The academic year in the higher schools is divided into two terms.
4. At present a new system of education is introduced at the university – a distance education system
5. The area of professional education is covered by special training course in conventional and digital prepress.
6. The University development is achieved with the help of some foreign equipment producers.
7. The researches are oriented on the development of the publishing market problems.
8. The best flat contest is held at the university’s hostels twice a year.

 

Exercise 7: Translate into English:

Мой друг – студент. Он очень занят. Его рабочий день начинается рано утром.

Он встает в шесть утра, делает зарядку, умывается, одевается и завтракает. После завтрака он едет в университет. Ему требуется час, чтобы добраться до университета. Сначала он едет на трамвае, потом на метро и затем на автобусе.

Обычно у него четыре пары в день. Мой друг хорошо говорит по-английски и ещё изучает немецкий. Он хороший студент.

Exercise 8: Put the words in the correct order to make the questions and answer them:

1. people how learn do new words?
2. Ivan Fedorov was who?
3. will you what subjects at the study university?
4. the is who rector the university of?
5. was your subject favourite what at school?
6. degree programmes of full-time the Bachelor's last university study do for 4 years?
7. named Moscow State University of Printing Arts when was Ivan Fedorov after?
8. faculty what do study you at?
9. graduates from school a secondary do for entrance to a higher institution education apply?
10. do postgraduate you higher know education what about?

 

Exercise 9: Read the dialogue and try to act it out:

Group Leader: -Hello! My name is Tom Smith. I’m glad to welcome you at our university. You have got the information about the time table and library facilities and I’m going to tell you about all kinds of different clubs and societies you can join here. The first and the most popular are sports clubs and teams. You can join our football team, play tennis, volley-ball, or even go to the swimming pool.

Student 1: - Is everybody accepted or is it necessary to be at a certain level? Do I need to be very good at sport to join the club?

Group Leader: -You don’t need to be a great athlete to have fun, do you? If you have never been familiar with sport, it’s a good chance to try. We welcome everyone. We also have some theatrical and musical clubs. And if you enjoy dancing, there are also several clubs.

Student 2: -Is there a computer game club or computer centre?

Group Leader: -Oh, yes. There is a computer centre in the central building of the university. And you can play computer games there or use the computers for study. But when you play, please, don’t forget to put on the headphones, because some students may be studying there at the moment.

Student 3: -How can I find that computer centre?

Group Leader: -It’s easy. It’s on the ground floor just next to the library. By the way, our Literature Society has their meetings in that library, and it could be of some interest for you. So, have you got any questions?

Exercise 10: Make the dialogues or discuss in groups the following topics:

a) The system of higher education in Russia.

b) The history of Moscow State University of Printing Arts named after Ivan Fedorov.

c) The structure of academic year.

d) Different types of getting higher education.

e) Higher education in different countries.

 

 

Recommendations: watch the film “Educating Rita”.

It is a 1983 film, based upon Willy Russell’s play of the same title directed by Lewis Gilbert and stars Julie Walters, Michael Caine, and Maureen Lipman.

 

 

Texts for additional reading to the topic:

Education System in Russia

Russia has long-standing traditions in high-quality education for all citizens. It probably has also one of the best mass-education systems in the world. Education is split into a compulsory Basic Education, and ongoing Higher Education.

Compulsory Basic Education

Basic general education lasts for nine years. Graduates of this level may continue their education at senior high school to receive secondary general education. They may also enter an initial vocational school and then, higher education institutions. Initial vocational schools which offer one-and-a-half to two years' purely professional education and a professional college which offer joint professional and secondary general education for three to four years and skilled workers' training at different levels. Secondary general education on the basis of general education continues for two years and ends when students are 17-18. Graduates from a secondary general school may apply for entrance to a higher education institution. Secondary education leads to the award of the Certificate of Secondary Complete General Education.

Higher Education

Higher education is provided by public and non-public (non-state) accredited higher education institutions. There are two levels of higher education:

• Basic higher education (4 years) leading to the Bachelor’s Degree, the first university level degree. This is equivalent to the Bachelor of Science degree in the USA or Western Europe
• Postgraduate higher education (5-6 years or more). After two years, students are entitled to receive a Master’s Degree. This is equivalent to the Master of Science, and Master of Art in the USA or Western Europe. After a Master's degree, students can continue to study towards a doctoral degree: Candidate’s of science degree (the first level, equivalent to Ph.D.-Doctor of Phylosophy) and Doctor of science degree (the second, highest level, equivalent to Professor).

The Bachelor's degree programmes last for at least 4 years of full-time university-level study. The programmes are elaborated in accordance with the State Educational Standards which regulate almost 80% of their content. The other 20% are elaborated by the university itself. The programmes include professional and special courses in Science, the Humanities and Social-economic disciplines, professional training, completion of a research paper/project and passing state final exams. Having obtained the Bachelor's degree, students may apply to enter the Master's programme. The Bachelor's degree is awarded in all fields except medicine after defending a Diploma project, prepared under the guidance of a supervisor and passing the final exams. In medicine, the first stage lasts for six years.

Holders of the Bachelor’s degree are admitted to enter the Master's degree programmes. Access to these programmes is competitive. The Master's degree is awarded after successful completion of two years' full-time study. Students must carry out a year of research including practice and prepare and defend a thesis which constitutes an original contribution and sit for final examinations.