Working with the OHCHR - A Handbook for NGOs 


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Working with the OHCHR - A Handbook for NGOs



55) International governmental organizations.

An intergovernmental organization (in most Commonwealth countries, usually intergovernmental organisation), sometimes rendered as an international governmental organization and both abbreviated as IGO, is an organization composed primarily of sovereign states (referred to as member states), or of other intergovernmental organizations. Intergovernmental organizations are often called international organizations, although that term may also include international nongovernmental organization such as international nonprofit organizations ormultinational corporations.

Intergovernmental organizations are an important aspect of public international law. IGOs are established by treaty that acts as a charter creating the group. Treaties are formed when lawful representatives (governments) of several states go through a ratification process, providing the IGO with an international legal personality.

Intergovernmental organizations in a legal sense should be distinguished from simple groupings or coalitions of states, such as the G8 or the Quartet. Such groups or associations have not been founded by a constituent document and exist only as task groups.

Intergovernmental organizations must also be distinguished from treaties. Many treaties (such as the North American Free Trade Agreement, or the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade before the establishment of the World Trade Organization) do not establish an organization and instead rely purely on the parties for their administration becoming legally recognized as an ad hoc commission. Other treaties have established an administrative apparatus which was not deemed to have been granted international legal personality

56) The main powers of international governmental organization in the field of human rights protection.

Intergovernmental organizations differ in function, membership and membership criteria. They have various goals and scopes, often outlined in the treaty or charter. Some IGOs developed to fulfill a need for a neutral forum for debate or negotiation to resolve disputes. Others developed to carry out mutual interests with unified aims to preserve peace through conflict resolution and betterinternational relations, promote international cooperation on matters such as environmental protection, to promote human rights, to promote social development (education, health care), to render humanitarian aid, and to economic development. Some are more general in scope (the United Nations) while others may have subject-specific missions (such as Interpol or the International Organization for Standardization and other standards organizations). Common types include:

Worldwide or global organizations - generally open to nations worldwide as long as certain criteria are met. This category includes the United Nations (UN) and its specialized agencies, theUniversal Postal Union, Interpol, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the World Customs Organization (WCO), World Nature Organization (WNO), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Regional organizations - open to members from a particular region or continent of the world. This category includes the Council of Europe (CoE), European Union (EU), NATO, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, African Union (AU), Organization of American States (OAS), Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Arab League, and Union of South American Nations.

Cultural, linguistic, ethnic, religious, or historical organizations - open to members based on some cultural, linguistic, ethnic, religious, or historical link. Examples include the Commonwealth of Nations, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, Latin Union, Turkic Council, International Organization of Turkic Culture, orOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation

Economic organizations - based on economic organization. Some are dedicated to free trade, the reduction of trade barriers (the World Trade Organization) and International Monetary Fund. Others are focused on international development. International cartels, such as OPEC, also exist. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development was founded as an economics-focused organization. An example of a recently formed economic IGO is the Bank of the South.

Educational organizations - centered around tertiary level study. Academy of European Law offers training in European law to lawyers, judges, barristers, solicitors, in-house counsel and academics. EUCLID (university) chartered as a university and umbrella organization dedicated to sustainable development in signatory countries and United Nations University efforts to resolve the pressing global problems that are the concern of the United Nations, its Peoples and Member States.

57) International non-governmental organization in the field of international protection of human rights: the species, the scope of activities.

NGOs perform a great variety of functions depending on the purpose for which they were established. Human rights NGOs apply various strategies in their work towards achieving compliance with international human rights standards. Some NGOs may concentrate on a particular activity, such as standard-setting, promotion or technical assistance, while others may combine several of these activities in their programmes An important aspect of NGO activities is their involvement in the law-making processs. Several NGOs, among them the International Council of Women, played a considerable role in the drafting of certain articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and their corresponding provisions in the 1966 Covenants on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)NGOs, moreover, contribute to the introduction of domestic laws and the creation of legal systems for the protection of human rights. as a result of the efforts of several NGOs, including the association of african Women in Research and Development.Human rights NGOs fulfil several important tasks in regard to the observation and implementation of existing international law standards. this constitutes the main area of activity for most NGOs. the second World Conference on Human Rights, held in 1993, recognised in the Vienna Declaration and Programme of action (1:3) the important role of NGOs active in the field of human rights and/or development in the protection and promotion of all human rights and fundamental freedoms at national, regional and universal levels of human rights promotion.

58) Universal international treaties and conventions on human rights and fundamental freedoms. General characteristics.

Since the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in 1948, the United Nations has created a differentiated set of instruments for the purpose of protecting international human rights through a number of conventions. In contrast to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the UN Conventions are binding on the states parties and oblige them to comply with human rights standards.

The most important UN human rights conventions have established committees to monitor compliance with their provisions. In addition, there is a procedure for obligatory reports by states parties. By ratifying a convention, each state undertakes to submit regular reports to the committee concerned on its implementation of that convention’s provisions. The committee examines the reports and makes recommendations.

The 9 most important UN human rights conventions are the:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 16 December 1966 (UN Covenant I)

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 16 December 1966 (UN Covenant II)

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination of 21 December 1965 (CERD)

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women of 18 December 1979 (CEDAW)

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment of 10 December 1984 (CAT)

Convention on the Rights of the Child of 20 November 1989 (CRC)

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families of 18 December 1990 (ICRMW)

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)

International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (CPED)

 



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