Read the following words. Mind the difference in pronunciation.

U N I T 1

TOPIC: ECONOMY of UKRAINE TEXT A TEXT B TEXT C TEXT D GRAMMAR: Passive Voice

READING DRILLS

1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

nation, wide, territory, country, former, chemical, agriculture, function, decade, aggregate, national, system, link, management, product, cycle, clearly, border, gross, monetary, credit, break, crisis, index, negative, rate, sign, branch, reason, price, power, carrier, government, stimulus;

b) stress the second syllable:

declare, formation, inflation, confirm, industrial, potential, traditional, financial, political, domestic, republic, dynamic, metallurgy, machine-building, production, productive, economy, co-operate, technology, inherit, dependence, suffice, emergence, development, appear, reform, reorganize, restore, effective;

c) stress the third syllable:

independent, referendum, economic, predetermine, realization;

d) stress the fourth syllable:

stabilization, privatization.

Read the following words. Mind the difference in pronunciation.

Translate the words:

a) produce — to produce; transport — to transport; object — to object; process — to process; decrease — to decrease; increase — to increase; progress — to progress; record — to record; import — to import; export — to export;

b) formation — to form; graduate — to graduate; finance — to finance; unity — to unite; tax — taxation — to tax; privatization — to privatize.

Text A

On August 24, 1991 the Verkhovna Rada declared the formation of the Independent Ukrainian State and on December 1991, a nation-wide referendum confirmed the formation of a new large European state.

As to its territory Ukraine is the second largest country in Europe. As to its industrial potential, this is one of the most developed republics of the former Soviet Union with highly developed metallurgy, machine-building, chemical production and agriculture.

The economy of the Soviet Union was functioning for decades as an aggregate national economic system linked by united management, co-operated links¹ and applied technologies. This has predetermined the inherited dependence² of Ukraine on economic ties with former republics of the former Soviet Union. It will suffice to point out that 2/3 of the country’s gross domestic product³ did not have a closed productive cycle⁴ in Ukraine.

Clearly the emergence⁵ of political and economic borders in a formerly united economy, the emergence of the national monetary-credit and financial systems⁶, breaking of the system of traditional economic links have brought the economy of the country to a crisis. Almost all the indices of the economic development have negative dynamics. But the rates of decrease of production are slown down⁷ and first signs of stabilization appear in a number of branches of economy.

One of the main reasons of inflation are prices for power carriers⁸ imported from Russia. These prices have increased by hundreds times during the last years. The government of Ukraine sees the way out of the crisis in realization of the programme of economic reforms which would make it possible to reorganize the economy, to change its structure, to carry out⁹ privatization and to restore stimuli to a highly effective work.

 

COMMENTS

1. co-operated links — cпiльнi зв’язки

2. inherited dependence — успадкована залежнiсть

3. gross domestic product — внутрiшнiй валовий продукт

4. closed productive cycle — замкнутий виробничий цикл

5. emergence — поява

6. national monetary-credit and financial systems — нацiональна гро­шово-кредитна та фiнансова системи

7. rates of decrease of production are slown down — темпи зниження виробництва уповiльнюються

8. power carriers — енергоносiї

9. to carry out — проводити

 

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

I. Find equivalents:

1. nation-wide referendum 2. industrial potential 3. united management 4. monetary-credit system 5. inherited dependence 6. machine-building 7. gross domestic product 8. closed productive cycle 9. traditional economic links 10. economic development 11. power carriers 12. way out of the crisis 13. programme of economic reforms 14. to restore stimuli

а. енергоносiї б. економiчний розвиток в. програма економічних реформ г. внутрiшнiй валовий продукт д. всенародний референдум е. промисловий потенцiал є. вихiд iз кризи ж. успадкована залежнiсть з. спiльне управлiння и. замкнутий виробничий цикл і. грошово-кредитна система ї. традицiйнi економiчнi зв’язки й. відновити стимули к. машинобудування

II. Give the corresponding nouns to the following verbs:

to declare, to confirm, to populate, to develop, to produce, to cooperate, to stabilize, to reorganize, to realize, to depend, to inflate, to manage, to govern, to form, to apply, to restore.

III. Use the correct word in the sentences. Change the form of the word if necessary:

-depend

1. The Declaration of Ukrainian _______ was proclaimed on August 24, 1991 by the Ukrainian Parliament. 2. A new _____ state appeared on the world political map. 3. His happiness _________ not on other people but on himself. 4. Financially he was completely _________ on his brother. 5. He wanted to go to work to be __________ of his parents. 6. What time will you arrive? — I don’t know. It ________ on the traffic.

- develop

1. Ukraine is one of the most _________ republics of the former Soviet Union. 2. Present-day independent Ukraine has a considerable potential to quickly ________ its economy. 3. Our country has very favourable conditions for the _________ of agricultural production.

IV. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs if necessary:

1. As to its territory Ukraine is the second largest country... Europe. 2. Ukraine is one... the most developed republics... the former Soviet Union... highly developed industry and agriculture. 3. One... the main reasons... inflation are prices... power carriers imported... Russia. 4. The prices have increased... hundreds times... the last years. 5. The government... Ukraine sees the way out... the crisis... realisation... the programme... economic reforms.

V. Answer the following questions:

1. When did the Verkhovna Rada declare the formation of the Independent Ukrainian State? 2. What can you say about Ukraine’s industrial potential? 3. What has predetermined the inherited dependence of Ukraine on economic ties with former republics of the Soviet Union?
4. What has brought the economy of the country to a crisis? 5. What is one of the main reason of inflation? 6. Does the government of Ukraine see the way out of the crisis?

VI. Translate into English:

1. 24 серпня 1991 року Верховна Рада України проголосила створення самостiйної держави України. 2. Щодо територiї Україна є другою за величиною країною в Європi. 3. Щодо промислового потен­цiалу вона є однiєю з найбiльш розвинутих республiк колишнього Радянського Сoюзу з потужними металургiєю, машинобудуванням, хiмiчною промисловiстю та сiльським господарством. 4. Єдинодер­жавна економiчна система зі спiльним управлiнням та зв’язками зумо­вила успадковану залежнiсть України вiд інших республiк колишнього Радянського Союзу. 5. Розрив системи традицiйних економiчних зв’яз­кiв з цими республiками призвів економiку країни до кризи. 6. Однiєю з головних причин iнфляцiї є високi цiни на енергоносiї, що імпор­туються з Росiї. 7. Уряд України бачить вихiд iз кризи в реалiзацiї програми економiчних реформ.

READING DRILLS

1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

namely, market, complicate, quickly, favourable, natural, term, structure, structural, balance, payment, gradual, solve, period, legislative, regulate, basis, cost, trade, budget, practice, change, price, energy, food, communal, service;

b) stress the second syllable:

assertion, prerequisite, accomplishment, considerable, potential, develop, explain, condition, convenient, position, exchange, reform, attainment, account, create, creation, attraction, investment, succeed, conduct, taxation, essentially;

c) stress the third syllable:

transformation, proclamation, integration, independence, international, geographical, correspond;

d) stress the fourth syllable:

interrelate, characteristic.

 

Text B

Two interrelated processes are characteristic of Ukraine’s economy today, namely its assertion¹ as that of an independent state, and its transformation from planned-centralized to market-controlled. These processes are rather complicated, but there are all prerequisites² for their effective accomplishment.

Present-day independent Ukraine has a considerable potential to quickly develop its economy — and this is explained not only by the favourable natural conditions, but also by the convenient geographical position in terms of³ international trade exchanges.

Reforms, started in the national economy after the proclamation of independence, are aimed at the establishment of an open, effective market type economy.

The main directions of the programme of economic reforms are as follows:

1. The programme of structural reorganization.

2. Attainment of balanced payments account.

3. Creation of conditions for gradual integration of Ukraine with the world economy.

These and other problems must be solved at the cost of a wide attraction of foreign investments. In a short period of time the Verkhovna Rada and government of Ukraine have succeeded in creation a legislative and regulating basis for conducting economic reforms. Taxation and budget systems⁴ corresponding in their structure to the world practice are created essentially anew. The change over to a free price formation in the economy is carried out. The government regulation of price level is applied only in establishing prices for main energy carriers, some most important food, communal and transportation services.

Much attention is given to the change of the structure of property. Legislative basis is created for privatization of state-owned enterprises⁵, implementation of reforms of the banking and financial systems.

COMMENTS

1. assertion — становлення

2. prerequisite — передумова

3. in terms of — з погляду

4. taxation and budget systems — податкова та бюджетна системи

5. state-owned enterprises — державнi пiдприємства

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

I. Give the verbs from which the following nouns are derived:

assertion, proclamation, regulation, creation, direction, reorganization, attraction, implementation, formation, transportation, taxation, independence, integration, government, accomplishment, investment, development, payment.

READING DRILLS

1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

industry, area, current, structure, occupy, heavy, steel, coal, light, job, service, health, care, concentrate, region, mineral, bias, output, yield, mining, ferrous, presently, automobile, locomotive, railway, airplane, lack, harvester, satisfy, integrate, process, standard, innovate, market;

b) stress the second syllable:

proportion, industrial, towards, account, employ, metallurgy, equipment, considerable, deposit, produce, however, accept, progressive, unable, consumer, unwillingness, initiative, techniques, approach.

Text C

Industry is the most important area of Ukraine’s economy. In the current structure of Ukraine’s industry a great proportion is occupied by heavy industry, especially the steel, machine-building and coal industries.
A considerable part is played by the food and light industries. About two-fifth of Ukraine’s people work in industry, and about a fifth work in agriculture. Most other Ukrainians have jobs in such service industries as education and health care.

Many of Ukraine’s heavy industries are concentrated in the Donbas region, the centre of Ukraine’s heavy industry. It has rich mineral deposits and major industrial base with bias towards¹ heavy industry. A large industrial output²is yielded³ by the mining, ferrous metallurgy⁴, chemical and machine-building industries.

The machine-building is presently the largest branch of industry. It accounts for a third of the national industrial output and employs about a fourth of Ukraine’s workers. Automobiles and buses, locomotives and railway cars, airplanes and ships, tractors and harvesters⁵, machine tools⁶ and metallurgical equipment are produced at Ukraine’s plants and factories.

However, today’s industries are unable to satisfy the consumers’ wants⁷. The reason is that they are not integrated into the world process of economic, technological and scientific progress. The national industries have low standard in processing raw materials⁸, outdated and worn-out production equipment⁹, unwillingness to accept progressive techniques and approaches and lack of innovating initiative. These and other problems must be solved in the course of new economic reforms aimed at creating a market economy.

COMMENTS

1. with bias towards — тут: на користь

2. output — випуск; продукцiя

3. ... is yielded... — виробляється

4. ferrous metallurgy — чорна металургiя

5. harvester — збиральна машина; комбайн

6. machine tools — верстати

7. to satisfy the consumers’ wants — задовольняти бажання споживачiв

8. raw material — сировина

9. outdated and worn-out production equipment — застарiле та

зношене устаткування

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

I. Find equivalents:

1. heavy industry 2. ferrous metallurgy 3. enterprise 4. with bias towards 5. outdated equipment 6. raw materials 7. light industry 8. machine-building industry 9. coal industry 10. to satisfy the consumers’ wants и. сировина 11. branch of industry 12. industrial output

а. легка промисловiсть б. на користь в. промислова продукцiя г. вугiльна промисловiсть д. важка промисловiсть е. машинобудiвна промисловiсть є. галузь промисловостi ж. пiдприємство з. чорна металургiя и. сировина і. застарiле устаткування ї. задовольняти бажання споживачiв

 

II. Substitute the words in bold type by their synonyms:

1. Industry is the most significant area of Ukraine’s economy. 2. In the current structure of Ukraine’s industry a great part is occupied by heavy industry. 3. Nearly two-fifth of Ukraine’s people work in industry. 4. Many of Ukraine’s heavy industries are centred in the Donbas region. 5. It has rich mineral deposits and major industrial base in favour of heavy industry. 6. Today’s industries cannot meet the consumers’ wants. 7. A large industrial output is produced by machine-building industry.

 

III. Complete the following sentences:

1. In the current structure of Ukraine’s industry a great proportion is occupied.... 2. A considerable part is played.... 3. The machine-building industry accounts.... 4. Ukraine’s plants and factories produce.... 5. Today’s industries are unable....

Column A Column B

1. industry	a. That which is produced or manufactured, usually in a specified period of time.
2. consumer	b. The application of science to commerce and industry.
3. service industries	c. Anything legally owned or possessed by a person or organization.
4. technology	d. The sector of an economy that is concerned with manufacture.
5. output	e. Businesses which provide services, such as health care, legal advice or appliance repair.
6. market economy	f. An economic system in which national economic decisions are the result of decisions by individual buyers and sellers in the marketplace.
7. property	g. Anyone who uses goods and/or services.

VI. Answer the following questions:

1. Is industry the most important area in Ukraine’s economy? 2. What are the main industries in Ukraine? 3. Where are many of Ukraine’s heavy industries concentrated? 4. What is the Donbas rich in? 5. What industries is a large industrial output yielded by? 6. The machine-building is presently the largest branch of industry, isn’t it? 7. What do Ukraine’s plants and factories produce? 8. What is the reason that today’s industries are unable to satisfy the consumers’ wants? 9. What are new economic reforms aimed at?

VII. Translate into English:

1. Промисловiсть є найважливiшою сферою економiки України. 2. Близько 2/5 населення України працює в промисловостi. 3. Багато галузей важкої промисловостi зосереджено в Донбасi. 4. Донбас є цент­ром важкої промисловостi в Українi. 5. Машинoбудування є зараз най­бiльшою галуззю промисловостi. 6. На заводах i фабриках України виго­товляють автомобiлi та автобуси, лiтаки та кораблi, трактори та комбай­ни, верстати та устаткування для металургiйної промисловостi. 7. Промис­ловiсть не може задовольнити бажання споживачiв, бо її не iнтегровано у свiтовий процес економiчного, технологiчного та науково-технiчного розвитку.

VIII. Match each branch of industry with its production:

1. machine-building 2. instrument-making 3. ship-building 4. motor vehicle 5. farm machinery 6. food 7. light 8. chemical 9. building materials

tractors plant equipment transport vehicles combine harvestors electron microscopes passenger vehicles sowing machines passenger cars canned fruit excavators detergents generators cine-cameras vegetable oils seagoing vessels pharmaceuticals footwear

turbines wool sugar pottery wine plastics sandstone garment cement cheese linen butter limestone cotton silk china fertilizers

READING DRILLS

1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

fertile, soil, temperately, climate, farming, breadbasket, animal, practice, crop, growing, harvesting, grain, meadow, fruit, vegetable, raising, cereal, flax, rye, oat, barley, sugar beet, sunflower, cabbage, cucumber, carrot, onion, garlic, melon, wheat, maize, legume, husbandry, widespread, dairy, province, chicken, duck, goose, turkey, cattle, poultry, mechanize, wages, profit, agriculture;

b) stress the second syllable:

productive, collective, intensive, potato, tomato, control, increase, apply, include, industrial, technology.

Text D

Ukraine has very favourable conditions for the development of agricultural production: fertile soils, temperately warm climate, a well- developed industry processing agricultural raw materials. Ukraine is one of the world’s most productive farming regions and is known as the breadbasket of Europe.

There are two main branches of agricultural production in Ukraine: crop production¹ and animal husbandry². Crop production is the practice of growing and harvesting crops. It includes: grain and industrial crops³, meadow culture, fruit and vegetable raising. Almost half of the cropping area is occupied by cereals⁴ such as winter wheat, maize and legumes, rye, oats and barley. Among the industrial crops such as sugar beet, sunflower, flax the leading position is occupied by sugar beet. Close to 40 types of vegetable crops are grown in Ukraine: potatoes, cabbage, tomatoes, cucumbers, red beets, carrots, onions, garlic, etc. Melon-growing is practised mainly in the south.

Animal husbandry is the practice of breeding of farm animals and their use. The most widespread branches of animal husbandry are: dairy and beef cattle breeding⁵, pig raising⁶, sheep farming⁷ and bee-keeping⁸. The poultry industry⁹ is spread through all the provinces. Birds farmed include chicken, duck, goose, turkey. There are large mechanized poultry farms to produce eggs and meat.

Most farms in Ukraine are owned and controlled by the government. They include state farms¹⁰ and collective farms¹¹. State farms are managed entirely by the government, which pays wages to farmworkers. Collective farms are owned and managed in part by the workers, who receive wages as well as a share in the farm’s profits. State farms are larger and have more mechanical farm equipment than collective farms. In order to increase crop yields and animal products collective and state farms apply widely intensive technologies.

COMMENTS

1. crop production — рослинництво

2. animal husbandry — тваринництво

3. grain and industrial crops — зерновi та технічні культури

4. cereals — хлiбнi злаки

5. dairy and beef cattle breeding — розведення молочної та м’ясної худоби

6. pig raising — свинарство

7. sheep farming — вiвчарство

8. bee-keeping — бджiльництво

9. poultry industry — птахiвництво

10. state farms — державні підприємства

11. collective farms — колективні підприємства

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

I. Define the parts of speech of the following words:

favourable, production, agricultural, temperately, productive, vegetable, warm, mainly, cultivate, equipment, widely, collective, entirely, receive, almost.

COMMUNICATIVE SITUATIONS

 

1. Speak about the tasks facing Ukraine’s people in the building-up the economy.

2. You discuss the problems to be solved in the course of new economic reforms.

3. Make a report in your class: «Industry — the most important area in Ukraine’s economy».

4. You have an exam. Your question is: «Ukraine as an industrial country».

5. You are at the conference. The theme of your report is: «The development of agricultural production in Ukraine».

U N I T 1

TOPIC: ECONOMY of UKRAINE TEXT A TEXT B TEXT C TEXT D GRAMMAR: Passive Voice

READING DRILLS

1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

nation, wide, territory, country, former, chemical, agriculture, function, decade, aggregate, national, system, link, management, product, cycle, clearly, border, gross, monetary, credit, break, crisis, index, negative, rate, sign, branch, reason, price, power, carrier, government, stimulus;

b) stress the second syllable:

declare, formation, inflation, confirm, industrial, potential, traditional, financial, political, domestic, republic, dynamic, metallurgy, machine-building, production, productive, economy, co-operate, technology, inherit, dependence, suffice, emergence, development, appear, reform, reorganize, restore, effective;

c) stress the third syllable:

independent, referendum, economic, predetermine, realization;

d) stress the fourth syllable:

stabilization, privatization.

Read the following words. Mind the difference in pronunciation.

Translate the words:

a) produce — to produce; transport — to transport; object — to object; process — to process; decrease — to decrease; increase — to increase; progress — to progress; record — to record; import — to import; export — to export;

b) formation — to form; graduate — to graduate; finance — to finance; unity — to unite; tax — taxation — to tax; privatization — to privatize.

Text A

On August 24, 1991 the Verkhovna Rada declared the formation of the Independent Ukrainian State and on December 1991, a nation-wide referendum confirmed the formation of a new large European state.

As to its territory Ukraine is the second largest country in Europe. As to its industrial potential, this is one of the most developed republics of the former Soviet Union with highly developed metallurgy, machine-building, chemical production and agriculture.

The economy of the Soviet Union was functioning for decades as an aggregate national economic system linked by united management, co-operated links¹ and applied technologies. This has predetermined the inherited dependence² of Ukraine on economic ties with former republics of the former Soviet Union. It will suffice to point out that 2/3 of the country’s gross domestic product³ did not have a closed productive cycle⁴ in Ukraine.

Clearly the emergence⁵ of political and economic borders in a formerly united economy, the emergence of the national monetary-credit and financial systems⁶, breaking of the system of traditional economic links have brought the economy of the country to a crisis. Almost all the indices of the economic development have negative dynamics. But the rates of decrease of production are slown down⁷ and first signs of stabilization appear in a number of branches of economy.

One of the main reasons of inflation are prices for power carriers⁸ imported from Russia. These prices have increased by hundreds times during the last years. The government of Ukraine sees the way out of the crisis in realization of the programme of economic reforms which would make it possible to reorganize the economy, to change its structure, to carry out⁹ privatization and to restore stimuli to a highly effective work.

 

COMMENTS

1. co-operated links — cпiльнi зв’язки

2. inherited dependence — успадкована залежнiсть

3. gross domestic product — внутрiшнiй валовий продукт

4. closed productive cycle — замкнутий виробничий цикл

5. emergence — поява

6. national monetary-credit and financial systems — нацiональна гро­шово-кредитна та фiнансова системи

7. rates of decrease of production are slown down — темпи зниження виробництва уповiльнюються

8. power carriers — енергоносiї

9. to carry out — проводити

 

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

I. Find equivalents:

1. nation-wide referendum 2. industrial potential 3. united management 4. monetary-credit system 5. inherited dependence 6. machine-building 7. gross domestic product 8. closed productive cycle 9. traditional economic links 10. economic development 11. power carriers 12. way out of the crisis 13. programme of economic reforms 14. to restore stimuli

а. енергоносiї б. економiчний розвиток в. програма економічних реформ г. внутрiшнiй валовий продукт д. всенародний референдум е. промисловий потенцiал є. вихiд iз кризи ж. успадкована залежнiсть з. спiльне управлiння и. замкнутий виробничий цикл і. грошово-кредитна система ї. традицiйнi економiчнi зв’язки й. відновити стимули к. машинобудування

II. Give the corresponding nouns to the following verbs:

to declare, to confirm, to populate, to develop, to produce, to cooperate, to stabilize, to reorganize, to realize, to depend, to inflate, to manage, to govern, to form, to apply, to restore.

III. Use the correct word in the sentences. Change the form of the word if necessary:

-depend

1. The Declaration of Ukrainian _______ was proclaimed on August 24, 1991 by the Ukrainian Parliament. 2. A new _____ state appeared on the world political map. 3. His happiness _________ not on other people but on himself. 4. Financially he was completely _________ on his brother. 5. He wanted to go to work to be __________ of his parents. 6. What time will you arrive? — I don’t know. It ________ on the traffic.

- develop

1. Ukraine is one of the most _________ republics of the former Soviet Union. 2. Present-day independent Ukraine has a considerable potential to quickly ________ its economy. 3. Our country has very favourable conditions for the _________ of agricultural production.

IV. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs if necessary:

1. As to its territory Ukraine is the second largest country... Europe. 2. Ukraine is one... the most developed republics... the former Soviet Union... highly developed industry and agriculture. 3. One... the main reasons... inflation are prices... power carriers imported... Russia. 4. The prices have increased... hundreds times... the last years. 5. The government... Ukraine sees the way out... the crisis... realisation... the programme... economic reforms.

V. Answer the following questions:

1. When did the Verkhovna Rada declare the formation of the Independent Ukrainian State? 2. What can you say about Ukraine’s industrial potential? 3. What has predetermined the inherited dependence of Ukraine on economic ties with former republics of the Soviet Union?
4. What has brought the economy of the country to a crisis? 5. What is one of the main reason of inflation? 6. Does the government of Ukraine see the way out of the crisis?

VI. Translate into English:

1. 24 серпня 1991 року Верховна Рада України проголосила створення самостiйної держави України. 2. Щодо територiї Україна є другою за величиною країною в Європi. 3. Щодо промислового потен­цiалу вона є однiєю з найбiльш розвинутих республiк колишнього Радянського Сoюзу з потужними металургiєю, машинобудуванням, хiмiчною промисловiстю та сiльським господарством. 4. Єдинодер­жавна економiчна система зі спiльним управлiнням та зв’язками зумо­вила успадковану залежнiсть України вiд інших республiк колишнього Радянського Союзу. 5. Розрив системи традицiйних економiчних зв’яз­кiв з цими республiками призвів економiку країни до кризи. 6. Однiєю з головних причин iнфляцiї є високi цiни на енергоносiї, що імпор­туються з Росiї. 7. Уряд України бачить вихiд iз кризи в реалiзацiї програми економiчних реформ.