V. Be ready to speak on your profession.

 

ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК

 

Use of Tenses in English Active Voice

Tenses Forms	Present	Past	Future	Future in the Past
Indefinite	wash(es)	washed	shall / will wash	should /would wash
	give(s)	gave	shall / will give	should / would give
Continuous	am / are / is washing	was/were washing	shall /will be washing	should / would be washing
	am / are / is giving	was/were giving	shall / will be giving	should / would be giving
Perfect	have I has washed	lad washed	shall / will have washed	should / would lave washed
	have /has given	had given	shall / will have given	should / would haven given

 

Perfect Continuous	have/has been washing	had been washing	shall/will have been washing	should / would have been washing
	have/has been giving	had been giving	shall/will been giving	should / would have been giving

 

Use of Tenses in English Passive Voice

 

Tenses Forms	Present	Past	Future	Future in the Past
Indefinite	am / are / is washed am / are /is given	was / were washed was / were given	shall /will be washed shall / will be given	should /would be washed should / would be given
Continuous	am / are / is being washed am / are / is being given	was/were being washed was/were being given
Perfect	have / has been washed have / has been given	had been washed had been given	shall / will have been washed shall / will have been given	should / would nave been washed should / would iiave been given

THE PASSIVE VOICE

(СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ)

В английском языке глагол имеет два залога: действительный (the Active Voice) и страдательный (the Passive Voice). Глагол употребляется в действительном залоге, если подлежащим в предложении является лицо или предмет, производящие действие:

John cooked the dinner last night. Джон приготовил обед вчера.

Глагол в страдательном залоге выражает действие, которое направлено на лицо или предмет, выраженное подлежащим:

Вчера обед был приготовлен Джоном. The dinner was cooked

by John last night.

Страдательный залог образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be + Participle II (3-я форма глагола) смыслового глагола. Вспомогательный глагол выполняет грамматическую функцию: выражает временя, число, лицо, а смысловой глагол не изменяется и несет только смысловую нагрузку.

Indefinite Tenses. Passive Voice

Present Indefinite Passive

am (is, are) + Participle II

The book is written by Jack London. Книга написана Джеком

Лондоном.

Past Indefinite Passive

was (were) + Participle II

The book was written by Jack London. Книга была написана Д.

Лондоном.

Future Indefinite Passive

shall (will)be + Participle II

The book will be written by Jack London. Книга будет написана

Д. Лондоном.

 

CONTINUOUS TENSES. PASSIVE VOICE

Present Continuous Passive

am (is, are)being + Participle II

The book is being written now. Книгу пишут сейчас. (Книга

пишется сейчас).

Past Continuous Passive

was (were) + Participle II

The book was being written for two years. Книгу писали два года.

 

PERFECT TENSES. PASSIVE VOICE

Present Perfect Passive

have (has) + Participle II

The book has been already written. Книгу уже написали.

Past Perfect Passive

had been + Participle II

The book had been written by V-day. Книга была написана ко Дню

Победы.

Future Perfect Passive

shall(will) have been + Participle II

The book will have been written by V-day. Книга будет написана

ко Дню Победы.

СПОСОБЫ ПЕРЕВОДА ГЛАГОЛА-СКАЗУЕМОГО

Глагол в страдательном залоге может переводиться на русский язык тремя способами:

1) глаголом, оканчивающимся на – ся, -сь;

2) сочетанием глагола «быть» с краткой формой причастия страдательного залога. Глагол «быть» в настоящем времени не переводится;

3) глаголом в действительном залоге в 3-м лице множественного числа в составе неопределенно-личного предложения.