Figure 3.19 Galvanized steel. 


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Figure 3.19 Galvanized steel.



Figure 3.20 Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Towers.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. What is the most cost-effective material of construction for packaged towers?

2. What is the most common upgrade type from G-235 galvanized steel?

3. How many years will concrete towers last?

4. What are the reasons of using concrete constructions?

5. What kind of material is inert inorganic material?

6. What are the advantages of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) towers?

7. How are heights for towers generally measured?

 

Упражнение 3. Переведите слова и словосочетания на английский язык.

Galvanized steel; cost-effective material; hot-dipped galvanized steel; structural resistance; corrosion resistance; standpoint (n.); commercially (adv.) available (adj.); substantial (adj.); zinc (n.); reliable corrosion protection; industrial system; water chemistry; common upgrade type; part (n.); submerge (v.); stainless steel; highly corrosive environment; erect (v.); power plant; refinery application; field-erected tower; facility (n.); fiber-reinforced plastic.

 

Упражнение 4. Переведите слова и словосочетания на английский язык.

Экономичный материал; оцинкованная сталь; градирня; имеющийся в продаже; сталь горячего цинкования; подпиточная вода; свежая вода; цилиндр; изменять внешний вид; измерять; высота; погружать в воду; окружающая среда; одноосноориентированный; сочетаться, влиться; существенный, значительный; химический состав воды; коррозионная стойкость; показатель кислотности; объем поставки производителя.

 

Упражнение 5. Найдитевтексте формы с суффиксом – ing. Определите их функцию.

 

Упражнение 6. Переведите предложения, определите, к какой части речи относятся подчеркнутые слова.

1. Liquid collectors are more suited to domestic hot water.

2. Will you water my houseplants while I'm away?

3. Before heat transfer fluids are discussed, a review of basic corrosion theory is in order.

4. They are learning the basics of the physics.

5. These accidents will be investigated in depth to identify all causes and to recommend hazard control measures.

6. The two types of corrosion which cause the most damage in solar systems are galvanic and pitting corrosion.

7. Electroplated black nickel, black chrome, copper oxide or anodized aluminum are common types of selective coatings.

8. They are learning how to type.

9. An old bridge crosses the river.

10. In case of a cross flow, fluids flows pass at right angles to each other.

Упражнение 7. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. Type 304 stainless steel construction is recommended for cooling towers that are to be used in a highly corrosive environment.

2. This inert inorganic material is able to handle a range of pH values.

3. Various methods of pressure treatment and incising are used to prevent micro-organisms attack to wood.

4. Air cooled condensersuse ambient air to remove heat from the refrigerant.

5. Heat load is the amount of heat to be removed from the circulating water within the tower.

6. The furnaces rely on the fact that heated (less dense) air rises and the cooler (more dense) air falls to circulate the heat.

7. The equipment is selected with a capacity to offset the peak load of the space or spaces to be served.

8. The HVAC system contains either ductwork, for forced air systems, or piping to distribute a heated fluid and radiators to transfer this heat to the air.

9. Geothermal system uses underground loops to absorb heat from the earth.

10. Evaporators used in air-conditioning can be classified according to the combination of the medium to be cooled and the type of refrigerant feed.

 

Упражнение 8. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию глагола to have.

1. Many plastics have an undesirable transparency to infrared radiation.

2. Fire tube boilers have been used in various early forms to produce steam for industrial purposes.

3. Plastic covers have been developed to withstand 400 F.

4. Some collectors using plastic covers are designed to have stagnation temperatures no higher than 200 - 275 F.

5. Silicone sealants have exceptional weathering resistance and have received widespread use for many years.

6. They had to control the stream of liquid or gas pouring out.

7. With such large diameter, the shell would have to operate under such extreme pressure and thermal stresses that their thickness would have been too large.

8. A fouled heat changer has to be cleaned once in a while, in order to keep the energy needed for operation low.

Упражнение №7. Образуйте существительные от следующих слов, используя суффикс –ness.

Useful; rough; tough; weak; effective; thick; hard; ill.

 


Текст B

Cooling Water Treatment

The makeup water used in cooling systems contains dissolved minerals, suspended solids, debris, bacteria and other impurities. Among other dissolved solids, water contains calcium and magnesium salts; commonly referred to as "hardness." These salts have only limited solubility; that is, only a certain amount will be soluble in a given volume of water. Water is capable of dissolving a wide variety of solids and gases in infinite combinations and amounts. As the water continues to circulate throughout the system, the contaminants begin to concentrate.

There is another problem with cooling towers; this occurs when air is brought into intimate contact with the cooling water as it passes over the cooling tower. Because of pollution, the air contains a wide variety of impurities; both solids and gases. As it passes through the water in a cooling tower, the air is effectively "scrubbed" and the impurities are transferred to the water. Thus, the dirt picked up from the air along with the precipitated hardness and suspended solids make up the major cooling tower water contaminants.

Another problem results when the moist surfaces of the tower are exposed to sunlight. This promotes the growth of algae, bacteria and fungal slime. Large masses of slime or algae growth can accumulate rapidly, causing clogging, reduced flow, and reduced heat transfer. This "fouling" must be prevented.

The operating efficiency of a cooling tower system is adversely affected by scaling, corrosion and organic fouling. Effective cooling water operation and treatment can prevent such an occurrence.

A major objective of a cooling tower treatment program is to keep the water quality sufficient to prevent scaling, corrosion and biological fouling that can affect normal productive operations. The problem of water impurities is controlled in two ways:

1) By introduction of chemicals which prevent the dissolved solids from precipitating as scale, and which prevent corrosion.

2) By bleed-off which limits the solids concentration at a level which can be successfully handled by chemical treatment.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. What does the makeup water used in cooling systems contain?

2. Why dothe contaminants begin to concentrate?

3. What does the air contain?

4. How are the impurities transferred to the water?

5. What makes up the major cooling tower water contaminants?

6. What may the moist surfaces of the tower be exposed to?

7. How can large masses of slime or algae growth reduce heat transfer?

8. What is the operating efficiency of a cooling tower system affected by?

9. What can prevent the problems occurring in cooling water operation?

10. What is a major objective of a cooling tower treatment program?

11. How is the problem of water impurities controlled?

Упражнение 2. Переведите слова и словосочетания на русский язык.

Makeup water; contain (v.); dissolved mineral; suspended solid; debris (n); bacteria (n); impurity (n); calcium (n); magnesium salt; refer to (v.); limited solubility; contaminant (n); occur (v.); occurrence (n); intimate contact (v.); pollution; expose to (v.); prevent (v.); algae (n); fungal (n); operating efficiency; adversely (adv.); affect (v.); scaling (n); corrosion (n); organic fouling; objective (n); water quality; sufficient; biological fouling; water impurity; way (n); limit (v.); level (n); successfully (adv.); handle (v); chemical treatment.

Among; as; that is; with; such; thus; from; which; another; along with.

 

Упражнение 3. Переведите слова и словосочетания на английский язык.

Загрязнитель; подвергать; эффективность эксплуатации; неблагоприятно, отрицательно; примеси воды; загрязнения, содержащиеся в воде; химическая очистка; химическая обработка; подпиточная вода; свежая вода; дебрис, обломочный материал, продукты разложения;жесткость; ограниченная растворимость; бесконечное сочетание; загрязняющая примесь; непосредственный контакт; очищать; осажденные соли жесткости; взвесь, взвешенные твердые вещества; грибковое обрастание, грибковая слизь; засорение, закупорка; образование накипи, окалины; накипь; регулировать, управлять, обращаться; загрязнение, примесь.

 

Упражнение 4. Образуйте прилагательные и существительные с указанными суффиксами и назовите значения производных слов:

-able

to consider; to observe; to avail; to move; to suit; to accept; to vary; value; comfort; rely;

-ity

possible; special; probable; reliable; rapid; able; capable; dense; flexible; durable; stable; impure.

 

Упражнение 5. Сгруппируйте синонимы по образцу:

to begin- to start.

To accumulate; to advance; to affect; to alter; to change; to contain; to contaminate; to collect; to complete; to compose; to comprise; to decrease; to decompose; to differ; to dissolve; to expose; to finish; to get; to handle; to happen; to hold; to influence; to keep; to let; to limit; to make; to make up; to observe; to obtain; to occur; to operate; to pick up; to pollute; to remain; to reduce; to restrict; to promote; to transfer; to transport; to stay; to store; to subject; to regulate; to vary; to watch; to work.

Упражнение 5. Найдите в тексте предложения с неличными формами глагола, определите функцию и переведите на русский язык.

Урок 3.10

Упражнение 1. Прочитайте слова.

[ Qu] s ou th, p ow er, h ou r, ou t, h ou se, am ou nt, f ou nd, f ou ling, m ou nt.

Упражнение 2. Сопоставьте слово с переводом и соответствующей ему транскрипцией.

1) luxury; 2) rather (than); 3) crawl (space); 4) warn; 5) client; 6) essential; 7) supply (duct);

 

1) [ I'sFÍS(q)Î]; 2) [ 'ÐεI¶Ít]; 3) [ 'lµÐ¿(¶)ri ]; 4) [ s¶'pεI ]; 5) [ÆLÍ ]; 6) ['r±D¶ ]; 7) [ÐrLl ];

1) клиент; 2) роскошь, повышенная комфортность; 3) технический этаж; 4)существенный; 5) канал подачи; 6) предупреждать; 7) скорее чем, а не.

 

Текст А



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