XIV. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. Some 95 per cent of crimes is against property, much of this being relatively small scale.

2. All the judicial trials being held in open court, the press have the right to be represented.

3. The post of procurator is not elective, procurators being appointed by the Procurator General of the Russian Federation.

4. A permanent contact having been made with ethnic minorities, the police were able to prevent crime.

5. The main function of Parliament is to make law regulating the life of the country.

6. The scene being horrifying, we left the place at once.

7. The American Senate is composed of 2 members from each state who are elected for a term of 6 years, one third being elected every two years.

8. That offence being defined as misdemeanour, the punishment for it was a fine.

9. The witness being present at the scene of crime, the investigator interviewed him there.

10. The proceeding having been over, the jury considered the judgement.

 

XV. Translate the following sentences into Russian. State the function of the Participle.

1. A solicitor spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigators and preparing documents.

2. In England anyone facing criminal prosecution is entitled to choose a firm of lawyers to represent him.

3. In most countries, once a lawyer is fully qualified he receives a certificate proving his right to sell his services.

4. In England, the body regulating the conduct of solicitors is the Law Society.

5. Another principle is that the terms being offered and accepted must be certain.

6. He acted as the prosecuting lawyer.

7. Being suspected of an offence he was detained.

8. Having been questioned, he was released on bail in the interests of investigation.

XVI. Translate the following sentences. Define the function of the Participle.

1. Barristers are professionals in the sphere having a lot to do with logic and rhetoric opposite to solicitors in whose job a knowledge of law plays the main role.

2. One of the specifications of the English legal system is that a practicing lawyer has an obligation to hold either a place of a barrister or of a solicitor.

3. Looking back over English legal history it is plain to see that the old local customs at and around the time of the Norman Conquest are the historical source of the common law.

4. The last stage in the Commons is the third reading. When debating the Bill here only verbal changes can be made.

5. When emerging from the Lords the Bill may well have been altered.

6. The suspect using the services of a famous lawyer could prove his alibi.

7. Being accused of burglary and being found guilty Mr. Brown was sentenced to three years of imprisonment.

8. When political institutions act they are often forced to compromise, deferring critical issues to the courts.

9. In the Crown Court three main kinds of judges preside, depending upon the seriousness of the case: High Court judges, circuit judges and part time judges.

10. Parliament functions, making laws, providing money for the government through taxation, examining government policy, debating political questions.

11. When having a conflict of evidence in a trial some more evidence should be found.

12. Preventing crimes the police perform their main function.

13. Prescribing the punishment in criminal law it is very hard to provide a full definition for a crime.

14. Only those in the Lords holding high judicial office deal with appeals.

15. The principal governing body of the Bar is the General Council of the Bar. The governing body of solicitors is the Law Society.

16. The Attorney-General is a legal adviser to the government and as such - a practicing barrister and head of the English Bar.

17. Youth courts try children and young people under eighteen. According to the criminal Justice Act 1991 there are three justices, usually including at least one woman.

IV. Герундий

(The Gerund)

 

Герундий – это неличная форма глагола, выражающая название действия и соединяющая в себе свойства существительного и глагола.

В русском языке нет формы глагола, соответствующей герундию.

Простая форма герундия образуется путем прибавление суффикса – ing к основе глагола: to read – reading; to defend – defending, причем правила образования этой формы герундия такие же, как правила образования форм причастия.

Как существительное, герундий может:

1. Быть в предложении подлежащим, частью сказуемого, прямым дополнением.

1. Сочетаться с предлогом, и в этом случае выполнять функцию предложного дополнения, определения или обстоятельства.

2. Определяться существительным в притяжательном или общем падеже или притяжательным местоимением.

His being guilt is evident. То, что он виноват, очевидно.

He was accused of committing Его обвинили в совершении

a crime. преступления.

The officer’s identifying the criminal Опознание полицейским

helped to arrest him. преступника помогло

арестовать его.

 

Как глагол, герундий может:

1. Иметь прямое дополнение, например:

I remember having read this article. Я помню, что читал эту

статью.

2. Определяться наречием, например:

He likes reading aloud. Он любит читать вслух.

 

 

Формы времени и залога

 

	Active	Passive
Indefinite	Taking	being taken
Perfect	having taken	having been taken

 

Отрицательная форма герундия образуется с помощью отрицательной частицы not, которая ставится перед герундием: not writing, not being written.

§ 1. Употребление форм герундия

Indefinite Gerund Active и Passive обычно употребляется для выражения действия, одновременного с действием глагола в личной форме, действия, относящегося к будущему или безотносительно ко времени его совершения, например:

Reading judicial books is useful. Чтение юридической литературы

полезно.

He didn't remember being knocked Он не помнил, как его сбили

down. с ног.

 

Когда действие, выраженное герундием, совершается лицом (или предметом), то употребляется герундий в форме Active; когда же действие совершается над лицом (или предметом) – в форме Passive.

My friend likes telling detective Мой друг любит рассказывать

stories. детективные истории.

My friend likes being told Мой друг любит, когда ему

detective stories. рассказывают детективные истории.

Примечание. После ряда глаголов используется активная форма герундия несмотря на то, что субъект находится в пассивной позиции (не он производит действие, а действие производится по отношению к нему.

Это глаголы to need, to want – нуждаться, требоваться; to deserve – заслуживать; to require – требовать; а также прилагательное worth – стоящий.

This car needs repairing. Эту машину нужно ремонтировать.

This film is worth seeing. Этот фильм стоит того, чтобы его

посмотреть.

После глагола need может употребляется to be + past participle для выражения пассивного значения.

The batteries in this radio need changing.

(The batteries in this radio need to be changed).

 

Perfect Gerund Active и Passive употребляется для выражения действия, предшествующего действию глагола в личной форме, например:

The witness didn’t remember Свидетель не помнил, что

having seen the man before. видел этого человека раньше.