V. A few facts from the history of big cities

againснова already уже bank берег bothоба choice выбор forestлес inside внутри like подобно never никогда ring кольцо riverрека roadдорога side сторона thereтам, туда tower башня veryочень wallстена whiteбелый widthширина	beautyкрасота brick кирпич cathedralсобор cross пересекать dissimilar непохожий existсуществовать fortress крепость graduallyпостепенно in place of вместо invade вторгаться market рынок, базар massiveмассивный outsideснаружи palace дворец prince принц, князь settleпоселяться similarity сходство unlike в отличие от woodenдеревянный	begin – began – begun начинать change [tòeindʒ] изменять chieflyглавным образом choose - chose - chosen выбирать compare [ kəm'рεə] сравнивать convenient [kən'vi:niənt] удобный erectсооружать, возводить give - gave - given давать ground земля, площадка hear - heard - heard слышать lead – led – led вести, руководить necessary необходимый replace [ ri 'pleis] заменять resident постоянный житель run – ran – runбежать similar ['similə] подобный, похожий square площадь, сквер surround [sə'raund] окружать unnecessary ненужный
locateрасполагаться, находиться sameтот же самый, одинаковый take part in принимать участие	formобразовывать, формировать; форма housing жилье, жилищное строительство magnificentвеликолепный, величественный

BC [bi'si:] Before Christ До Рождества Христова, до нашей эры

AD [ei'di:] Anno Domini После Рождества Христова,... нашей эры

London, the capital of Great Britain, is one of the oldest cities in Europe. When Julius Ceasar crossed the English Channel and invaded Britain in the middle of the first century BC, people had already settled there and were living on both sides of the river Thames. Like many other very old cities,¹ London was never planned. It grew around two centres - a fort, the Romans built on one bank of the Thames, and an abbey, founded later on the other bank. As time went by, the place round the Roman fort developed into the City of London, the country's business centre, the abbey is now known as Westminster Abbey. By the middle of the first century AD² London had already been in existence for about a hundred years. Roads leading to other towns had changed into streets, market grounds became squares. London was growing.

At about the same time in the year 1147, in a part of the world Londoners had never heard of, a town was founded by a prince on a site which he chose for its beauty and convenient location in the middle of a magnificent forest on the bank of a river called the Moskva. The river gave its name to the city which later became the capital of the Russian state. If we compare the maps of Moscow and London we can see a similarity between them.

Like London, Moscow was never planned. It grew up around its centre, which has been surrounded by a wooden wall by the first residents. The wooden wall was later replaced by a brick one. The fortress was chiefly built of white stone and got the name of "White-stone Moscow". Later in place of the old "white-stone" wall a new wall was built with far more massive walls and towers. Russian and Italian architects took part in the erection of the new buildings. Palaces, cathedrals and churches were built inside it, forming what is now known as³ the Kremlin. Now again, new houses were built around this centre, forming enormous rings, and the roads to other towns gradually changed into streets running across them.

Notes: 1. подобно многим другим очень старым городам

2. к середине первого века нашей эры

3. образуя то, что сейчас известно как

C O N T E N T S

 

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ПРОГРАММЫ…………………………………………………………..3

ОФОРМЛЕНИЕ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ РАБОТ………………………………………………3

Объем текстового материала……………………………………………………….....3

ТРЕБОВАНИЯ НА ЗАЧЕТЕ И ЭКЗАМЕНЕ ………………………………………...4

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ 1…………………………………………………...4

ВАРИАНТ 1…………………………………………………………………………….....5

ВАРИАНТ 2…………………………………………………………………………….....7

ВАРИАНТ 3…………………………………………………………………………….....9

ВАРИАНТ 4……………………………………………………………………………...11

ВАРИАНТ 5……………………………………………………………………………...13

Грамматика: Контрольное задание 1………………………………………………..15

Существительное. Множественное число (1)................................................................15

Притяжательный падеж (2), Цепочка определений (3).................................................15

Местоимения. Личные. Притяжательные (4)..................................................................16

Местоимения. Указательные. Вопросительные (5)........................................................16

Местоимения some, any, no и их производные (6).......................................................16

Возвратные и усилительные местоимения (7)..............................................................17

Числительные (8)……………………………………………………...............................18

Степени сравнения прилагательных (9).......................................................................18

Прилагательные и наречия (10).......................................................................................19

Глагол to be (11)..........................................................................………………………..20

Оборот there + be (12)........................................................................................................21
Глагол to have (13)............................................................................................................22

Времена группы Indefinite. Present Indefinite. Active Voice (14)..................................23

Времена группы Indefinite. Past Indefinite. Active Voice (15).......................................23

Времена группы Indefinite. Future Indefinite. Active Voice (16)...................................24

Времена группы Continuous. Active Voice (17)...............................................................25

Времена группы Perfect. Active Voice (18).....................................................................26

Функции слова it (19)........................................................................................................26

Повелительное наклонение (20)......................................................................................27

Порядок слов в английском предложении (21)………………………………………..27

Таблица времен группы Indefinite Active (22)................................................................29

Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты (23)...................................................................30

Конверсия (24)...................................................................................................................32

Словообразование (25)…………………………………………………………………..32

Таблица неправильных глаголов (26)………………………………………………….34

Тексты для чтения для 1 курса (1 семестр)…………………………………………36

I. HIGHER SCHOOLS IN RUSSIA................................................................................36

II.OUR UNIVERSITY…………………………………………………………………...37

III. RUSSIA …………………………………………………………………………........38

IV. FOREIGN LANGUAGES............................................…............................................40

V. A FEW FACTS FROM THE HISTORY OF BIG CITIES……………………………42