| Letter
| Quality
|
| A
| area, mass number
|
| a
| acceleration
|
| В
| magnetic flux density
|
| b
| breadth
|
| C
| capacitance, heat capacity
|
| с
| specific heat capacity, velocity of e.m. waves in vacuum, critical angle
|
| d
| relative density, thickness, distance apart
|
| E
| energy, electric field strength, electromotive force. Ek kinetic energy, Ep potential energy, E0peak e.m.f.
|
| e
| charge on electron (or proton), an electron
|
| F
| Faraday constant, force
|
| f
| frequency, focal length
|
| G
| free energy (ΔG), conductance
|
| g
| acceleration due to gravity
|
| H
| magnetic field strength, magnetizing force, heat of reaction (Δ H)
|
| h
| height
|
| I
| intensity of radiation, electric current
|
| a
| peak current
|
| i
| angle of incidence
|
| k
| a constant
|
| L
| self-inductance, latent heat, Avogadro constant
|
| Lm
| molar latent heat
|
| I
| length, specific latent heat
|
| M
| mutual inductance, molar solution
|
| т
| mass, electromagnetic moment, magnification
|
| N
| number of molecules, neutron number
|
| NA
| Avogadro constant
|
| N
| a number, refractive index, number of moles, a neutron
|
| P
| power
|
| p
| pressure, order of a spectrum, a proton
|
| Q
| electric charge
|
| q
| quantity of heat
|
| R
| resistance
|
| RA
| anode slope resistance, molar gas constant
|
| r
| angle of refraction, gas constant (nR), radius
|
| s
| distance along a path, slit separation
|
| Т
| period, thermodynamic (absolute) temperature, torque, tension, turns ratio
|
| t
| time
|
| ts
| half-life
|
| u
| initial velocity, velocity of molecules, object distance
|
| V
| volume, electrical potential, potential difference
|
| Vm
| molar volume
|
| V
| velocity, image distance, velocity of sound
|
| W
| weight
|
| w
| work
|
| X
| reactance
|
| z
| atomic number
|
| z
| charge on ion, electrochemical equivalent
|
| α
| an angle
|
| Δ
| an increment (finite)
|
| ε
| permittivity
|
| η
| efficiency
|
| θ
| temperature (Celsius), temperature difference, an angle, Bragg angle
|
| λ
| wavelength, decay constant
|
| μ
| permeability, amplification factor
|
| π
| ratio of circumference to diameter of circle
|
| ρ
| density, resistivity
|
| Ф
| magnetic flux
|
| φ
| an angle
|
| ω
| angular velocity
|
Appendix 11
Important Values, Constants and Standards
1. s.t.p. = standard temperature and pressure, expressed as 1.00 atm or 760 mmHg or 101 kPa (= kN m-2) (Pa = pascal) and 0°C or 273.15 К
2. Temperature of triple point of water, 273.16 К
3. Gas constant, 8.314 JK-1 mol-1
4. Standard volume of a mole of gas at s.t.p., 22.4 dm3
5. The Faraday constant, F, 9.65 
104C mol-1
6. The Avogadro constant, L, 6.02 1023 mol-1
7. The Planck constant, h, 6.63 x 10-34 Js
8. Speed of light, c, 3.00 x 10-8ms-1
9. Mass of proton, 11H, 1.67 l0-27 kg
mass of neutron, 01n, 1.67 l0-27 kg
mass of electron, -10e, 9.11 10-31 kg
electronic charge, e, -1.60 10-19C
10. 1 cal = 4.18 J
11. l eV = l.60 l0-19J
12. Specific heat capacity of water, 4.18 J g-1 K-1
13. Ionic product of water, Kw =1.008 x 10-14 mol2 dm-6, at 289 К (25°С)
Appendix 12
Greek Alphabet
| Capital, small
| Name
| English equivalent
| Russian equivalent
|
| A α
| alpha
| ['{lf@]
| a
| альфа
|
| B β
| beta
| ['bi:t@, US: 'beIt@]
| b
| бета
|
| Γγ
| gamma
| ['g{m@]
| g
| гамма
|
| Δδ
| delta
| ['delt@]
| d
| дельта
|
| Εε
| epsilon
| [ep'saIl@n, US: 'epsIlÁn]
| e (short)
| эпсилон
|
| Ζζ
| (d)zeta
| ['zi:t@, US: 'zeIt@]
| z
| дзета
|
| Ηη
| eta
| ['i:t@, US: 'eIt@]
| e (long)
| эта
|
| Θθ
| theta
| ['Ti:t@, US: 'TeIt@]
| th
| тэта
|
| Ιι
| iota
| [aI'@Ut@]
| i
| йота
|
| Κκ
| kappa
| ['k{p@]
| k
| каппа
|
| Λλ
| lambda
| ['l{mbd@]
| l
| лямбда
|
| Μμ
| mu
| ['mju:]
| т
| ми(мю)
|
| Νν
| nu
| ['nju:, US: nu:]
| n
| ни (ню)
|
| Ξξ
| xi
| ['ksaI]
| x
| кси
|
| Οο
| omicron
| [@U'maIkr@n, US: 'omIkrÁn]
| о (short)
| омикрон
|
| Ππ
| pi
| [paI]
| p
| пи
|
| Ρρ
| rho
| [r@U]
| r
| ро
|
| Σσ
| sigma
| ['sIgm@]
| s
| сигма
|
| Ττ
| tau
| [taU]
| t
| тау
|
| Υυ
| upsilon
| ['ju:psaI'lÁn]
| и
| ипсилон
|
| Φφ
| рhi
| [faI]
| ph
| фа
|
| Χχ
| chi
| [kaI]
| ch
| хи
|
| Ψψ
| psi
| [psaI]
| ps
| пси
|
| Ωώ
| omega
| ['@UmIg@, US: @U'meg@]
| o (long)
| омега
|
Appendix 13
List of Chemical Elements
| Ac
| actinium
| [{k'tInI@m]
| актиний
|
| Ag
| argentum = silver
| [¸³ent@m], ['sIlv@]
| серебро
|
| Al
| aluminium (US=um)
| ["{ljU'mInI@m]
| алюминий
|
| Am
| americium
| ["{m@'rIsI@m]
| америций
|
| Ar
| argon
| ['¸gÁn]
| аргон
|
| As
| arsenic
| ['¸snIk]
| мышьяк
|
| At
| astatine
| ['{st@'ti:n]
| астат
|
| Au
| aurum = gold
| ['þrem], [g@Uld]
| золото
|
| В
| boron
| ['bþrÁn]
| бор
|
| Ba
| barium
| ['be@rI@m]
| барий
|
| Be
| beryllium
| [be'rIlI@m]
| бериллий
|
| Bi
| bismuth
| ['bIzm@T]
| висмут
|
| Bk
| berkelium
| ["býkIlI@m]
| беркелий
|
| Br
| bromine
| ['br@Umi:n]
| бром
|
| С
| carbon
| ['kA:b@n]
| углерод
|
| Ca
| calcium
| ['k{lsI@m]
| кальций
|
| Cd
| cadmium
| ['k{dmI@m]
| кадмий
|
| Сe
| cerium
| ['si:rI@m]
| церий
|
| Cf
| californium
| ["k{lI'fþnI@m]
| калифорний
|
| Cl
| chlorine
| ['klþri:n]
| хлор
|
| Cm
| curium
| ['kju:rI@m]
| кюрий
|
| Co
| cobalt
| [k@'bþlt]
| кобальт
|
| Cr
| chromium
| ['kr@UmI@m]
| хром
|
| Cs
| caesium
| ['si:zI@m]
| цезий
|
| Cu
| copper
| ['kÁp@]
| медь
|
| Dy
| dysprosium
| [dIs'pr@UsI@m]
| диспрозий
|
| Er
| erbium
| ['ýbI@m]
| эрбий
|
| Es
| einsteinium
| [aIn'staInI@m]
| эйнштейний
|
| Јu
| europium
| [ju:'r@UpI@m]
| европий
|
| F
| fluorine
| ['flU@ri:n]
| фтор
|
| Fe
| ferrum = iron
| ['fer@m], ['aI@n]
| железо
|
| Em
| fermium
| [fýmI@m]
| фермий
|
| Er
| francium
| ['fr{nsI@m]
| франций
|
| Ga
| gallium
| ['g{lI@m]
| галлий
|
| Gd
| gadolinium
| ["g{dÁ'lInI@m]
| гадолиний
|
| Ge
| germanium
| [³ý'meInI@m]
| германий
|
| H
| hydrogen
| ['haIdrI³(@)n]
| водород
|
| He
| helium
| ['hi:lI@m]
| гелий
|
| Hf
| hafnium
| ['h{fnI@m]
| гафний
|
| Hg
| hydrargyrum = mercury
| [haI'dr¸³Ir@m], ['mýkjUrI]
| ртуть
|
| Ho
| holmium
| ['h@UlmI@m]
| гольмий
|
| I
| iodine
| ['aI@dÖn]
| йод
|
| In
| indium
| ['IndI@m]
| индий
|
| Ir
| iridium
| [aI'rIdI@m]
| иридий
|
| К
| kalium=potassium
| ['keIlI@m], [p@'t{sI@m]
| калий
|
| Kr
| krypton
| ['krIptÁn]
| криптон
|
| Ku
| kurchatovium
| ["kýtS@'tevI@m]
| курчатовий
|
| La
| lanthanum
| ['l{nT@n@m]
| лантан
|
| Li
| lithium
| ['lITI@m]
| литий
|
| Lr
| lawrencium
| [lþ'rensI@m]
| лоуренсий
|
| Lu
| lutetium
| [lju:'tÖSI@m]
| лютеций
|
| Md
| mendelevium
| ["mend@'levI@m]
| менделевий
|
| Mg
| magnesium
| [m{g'nIzI@m]
| магний
|
| Mn
| manganese
| ["m{Îg@'nÖz]
| марганец
|
| Mo
| molybdenum
| [mÁ'lIbdIn@m]
| молибден
|
| N
| nitrogen
| ['naItrI³@n]
| азот
|
| Na
| natrium = sodium
| ['neItrI@m], ['s@UdI@m]
| натрий
|
| Mb
| niobium = columbium
| [naI'@UbI@m], [k@'lömbI@m]
| ниобий
|
| Nd
| neodymium
| ["nÖ@'dImI@m]
| неодим
|
| Ne
| neon
| ['nÖ@n]
| неон
|
| Ni
| nickel
| ['nIkl]
| никель
|
| No
| nobelium
| [n@U'bIlI@m]
| нобелий
|
| Np
| neptunium
| [nep'tjünI@m]
| нептуний
|
| Ns
| nilsborium
| ['nIlzbþrI@m]
| нильсборий
|
|
| oxygen
| ['ÁksI³@n]
| кислород
|
| Os
| osmium
| ['ÁzmI@m]
| осмий
|
| P
| phosphorus
| ['fÁsf@r@s]
| фосфор
|
| Pa
| protactinium
| ["pr@Ut{k'tInI@m]
| протактиний
|
| Pb
| plumbum=lead
| ['plömb@m], [led]
| свинец
|
| Pd
| palladium
| [p@'leIdI@m]
| палладий
|
| Pm
| promethium
| [pr@'mÖTI@m]
| прометий
|
| Po
| polonium
| [p@'l@UnI@m]
| полоний
|
| Pr
| praseodymium
| ["preIzI@'dImI@m]
| празеодим
|
| Pt
| platinum
| ['pl{tIn@m]
| платина
|
| Pu
| plutonium
| [plü't@UnI@m]
| плутоний
|
| Ra
| radium
| ['reIdI@m]
| радий
|
| Rb
| rubidium
| [rü'bIdI@m]
| рубидий
|
| Re
| rhenium
| ['rÖnI@m]
| рений
|
| Rh
| rhodium
| ['r@UdI@m]
| родий
|
| Rn
| radon
| ['reIdÁn]
| радон
|
| Ru
| ruthenium
| [rü'TÖnI@m]
| рутений
|
| S
| sulpher/sulfur (US)
| ['sölf@]
| сера
|
| Sb
| antimony = stibium
| [{n'tIm@nI], ['stIbI@m]
| сурьма
|
| Sc
| scandium
| ['sk{ndI@m]
| скандий
|
| Se
| selenium
| [sI'lInI@m]
| селен
|
| Si
| silicon
| ['sIlIk@n]
| кремний
|
| Sm
| samarium
| [s@'meIrI@m]
| самарий
|
| Sn
| stannum = tin
| ['st{n@m], [tIn]
| олово
|
| Sr
| strontium
| ['strÁnSI@m]
| стронций
|
| Та
| tantalum
| ['t{nt@lem]]
| тантал
|
| Tb
| terbium
| [týbI@m]
| тербий
|
| Tc
| technetium
| [tek'nÖSI@m]
| технеций
|
| Те
| tellurium
| [te'ljUrI@m]
| теллур
|
| Th
| thorium
| ['TþrI@m]
| торий
|
| Ti
| titanium
| [taI'teInI@m]
| титан
|
| Tl
| thallium
| ['T{lI@m]
| таллий
|
| Tm
| thulium
| ['TjülI@m]
| туллий
|
| U
| uranium
| [jU@'reInI@m]
| уран
|
| V
| vanadium
| [v@'neIdI@m]
| ванадий
|
| w
| wolfram = tungsten
| ['wUlfr@m], ['töÎst@n]
| вольфрам
|
| Xe
| xenon
| ['zenÁn]
| ксенон
|
| Y
| yttrium
| ['ItrI@m]
| иттрий
|
| Yb
| ytterbium
| [I'týbI@m]
| иттербий
|
| Zn
| zinc
| [zIÎk]
| цинк
|
| Zr
| zirconium
| [zý'k@UnI@m]
| цирконий
|
Appendix 14
Reading Chemical Formulas
Буквы латинского алфавита, обозначающие названия элементов, читаются так же, как буквы латинского алфавита, например: Н20 – [eItS tu: @U].
| O
| [@U]
|
| Al
| ['eI 'el]
|
| Hg
| ['eItS '³Ö]
|
| HCL
| ['eItS 'sÖ 'el]
|
| CO2
| ['sÖ '@U 'tü]
|
| 2KCL
| ['tü 'mÁlIkjülz @v 'keI 'sÖ 'el]
|
Знак + читается: plus, and или together with.
Знак = читается: give или form (здесь знак = означает равенство)
Знак → читается: give, pass over to или lead to.
Знак ↔ читается: forms или is formed from, либо reversibly
CO2 + CaO → CaCo3
['si: '@U 'tu: 'plös 'si: 'ei '@U 'giv 'si: 'ei 'si: '@U 'Tri:]
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
['en 'tu: 'рlös 'Tri: 'mÁlikjülz @v 'eitS tu: 'fþm @nd ¸ 'fþmd frÁm 'tu: 'mÁlIkjülz @v 'en 'eitS 'Tri:]
C2H4 + CL2 = C3H4Cl2
['si: 'tu: 'eI¶ 'fþ 'plös 'si: 'el 'tu: 'gIv 'si: 'Tri: 'ei¶ fþ 'si: 'el 'tu:]
4HC1 + O2 = 2Cl2 + 2H2O
['fþ 'mÁlikju:lz @v 'eitS 'si: 'el 'рlös '@U tu: 'gIv tu: 'mÁlIkjülz @v 'si: 'el 'tu: @nd 'tu: 'mÁlikju:lz @v 'eitS 'tu: '@U]
AcOH ↔ AcO– + H+
['eI 'si: '@U 'eitS 'fþmz @nd iz 'fþmd fr@m 'eI 'si: 'Oksi³@n 'aI@n 'plös 'hadrI³@n 'aI@n]
AcO– – acyloxy ion
H+ – hydrogen ion ['haIdrI³@n 'aI@n] или univalent positive hydrogen ion или proton
CL– – negative chlorine ion или negative univalent chlorine ion или chloride
Знак – или: обозначает одну связь, не читается.
| | | :Cl:
| | | | Cl
| | |
| | | ..
| | | | │
| | |
| CCl4 –
| : Cl
| : C:
| Cl:
| или
| Cl —
| C
| — Cl
| ['si:'si:'el 'fþ]
|
| | | ..
| | | | │
| | |
| | | :Cl:
| | | | Cl
| | |
Знак = или :: обозначает две связи, не читается.
С02 –:0::С::0: или О = С = О ['si: '@U 'tu]
| | | | | | O
| | |
| | | | | | │
| | |
| | H
| | | | C
| == OH
| |
| | │
| | | | │
| | |
| C —
| C
| — C
| | | C
| == OH
| |
| | │
| | | | │
| | |
| | H
| | | | O
| | |
| ['si: 'TrÖ'eItS 'tu:]
|
| ['si: 'tu: '@U 'tu: '@U 'eItS tu:]
|
| | | | | | | | | |
Appendix 15
Археология
Биология
Генетика
География
Информатика
История
Логика
Маркетинг
Математика
Менеджмент
Механика
Педагогика
Религия
Социология
Технологии
Физика
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Химия
Экология
