TEXT № 8. The Central Processing Unit

TASK: Read and translate the following text. Learn the vocabulary by heart. Retell Briefly this text. Give the synonyms of the word information. Compose orally three sentences with this words.

Information from an input device or memory is communicated via the bus to the central processing unit (CPU), which is the part of the computer that translates commands and runs programs. The CPU is a microprocessor chip—that is, a single piece of silicon containing millions of electrical components. Information is stored in a CPUmemory location called a register. Registers can be thought of as the CPU's tiny scratchpad, temporarily storing instructions or data. When a program is run, one register called the program counter keeps track of which program instruction comes next. The CPU's control unit coordinates and times the CPU's functions, and it retrieves the next instruction from memory.

In a typical sequence, the CPU locates the next instruction in the appropriate memory device. The instruction then travels along the bus from the computer's memory to the CPU, where it is stored in a special instruction register. Meanwhile, the program counter is incremented to prepare for the next instruction. The current instruction isanalyzed by a decoder, which determines what the instruction will do. Any data the instruction needs are retrieved via the bus and placed in the CPU's registers. The CPU executes the instruction, and the results are stored in another register or copied to specific memory locations. (1321)

Vocabulary:

input device – устройство ввода

via – через

scratchpad – электронный блокнот

temporarily – временно

meanwhile – тем временем

location – расположение

TEXT № 9. Output Devices

TASK: Read and translate the following text. Learn the vocabulary by heart. Add some information about output devices. Give the synonyms of the word monitor.

Once the CPU has executed the program instruction, the program may request that information be communicated to an output device, such as a video display monitor or a flat liquid crystal display. Other output devices are printers, overhead projectors, videocassette recorders (VCRs), and speakers. (297)

Vocabulary:

video display monitor – монитор

liquid crystal display – жидко-кристаллический монитор

overhead projector – проекционный аппарат

videocassette recorder – видеомагнитофон

speaker – динамик

TEXT № 10. NETWORKS

TASK: Read and translate the following text. Learn the vocabulary by heart. Tell your groupmates about your own experience when you have used a network. Discuss the text Networks.

Computers can communicate with other computers through a series of connections and associated hardware called a network. The advantage of a network is that data can be exchanged rapidly, and software and hardware resources, such as hard-disk space or printers, can be shared.

One type of network, a local area network (LAN), consists of several PCs or workstations connected to a special computer called the server. The server stores and manages programs and data. A server often contains all of a networked group's data and enables LAN workstations to be set up without storage capabilities to reduce cost.

Mainframe computers and supercomputers commonly are networked. They may be connected to PCs, workstations, or terminals that have no computational abilities of their own. These "dumb" terminals are used only to enter data into, or receive output from, the central computer.

Wide area networks (WANs) are networks that span large geographical areas. Computers can connect to these networks to use facilities in another city or country. For example, a person in Los Angeles can browse through the computerized archives of the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. The largest WAN is the Internet, a global consortium of networks linked by common communication programs. The Internet is amammoth resource of data, programs, and utilities. It was created mostly by American computer scientist Vinton Cerf in 1973 as part of the United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). In 1984 the development of Internet technology was turned over to private, government, and

scientific agencies. The World Wide Web, developed in the 1980s by British physicist Timothy Berners-Lee, is a system of information resources accessed primarily through the Internet. Users can obtain a variety of information in the form of text, graphics, sounds, or animations. These data are extensively cross-indexed, enabling users to browse (transfer from one information site to another) via buttons, highlighted text, or sophisticated searching software known as search engines. (2088)

Vocabulary:

network – сеть

connection – соединение

to exchange – обменивать

hard-disk space – пространство жесткого диска

local area network (LAN) – локальная сеть

workstation – рабочая станция

storage – память

capability – возможность, способность

Wide area network (WAN) – глобальная сеть

to browse – просматривать

mammoth – громадный

to link – соединять

to access – получить доступ

button – кнопка

"dumb" terminal – неинтеллектуальный терминал, терминал ввода-вывода

highlighted – выделенный

 

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY FOR THE TERM № 1.

Learn the following words and word combinations by heart:

1) to perform - выполнять

2) calculation – подсчет

3) to process – обрабатывать

4) to store – хранить

5) output device – устройство вывода

6) to solve – решать

7) data – информация, данные

8) sophisticated – сложный, усовершенствованный

9) hardware – аппаратное обеспечение

10) processing unit – устройство обработки, процессор

11) to carry out – выполнять

12) software – программное обеспечение

13) to draw / drew / drawn – чертить, рисовать

14) to be turned on – быть включенным

15) operating system – операционная система

16) to prompt – побуждать, подсказывать

17) input – ввод

18) to execute – выполнять

19) to click the mouse – щелкать мышкой

20) keyboard – клавиатура

21) memory – память

22) binary – двойной, бинарный, двоичный

23) pattern – образец, модель

24) character – знак, символ

25) random access memory (RAM) – оперативное запоминающее устройство (ОЗУ)

26) storage device – запоминающее устройство

27) floppy disk – гибкий магнитный диск, дискета

28) hard drive – жесткий диск

29) bus – шина

30) wire – провод, шнур

31) CPU (Central Processing Unit) – ЦП (центральный процессор)

32) transmission – передача

33) to permit – позволять

34) input device – устройство ввода

35) via – через

36) video display monitor – монитор

37) liquid crystal display – жидко-кристаллический монитор

38) overhead projector – проекционный аппарат

39) videocassette recorder – видеомагнитофон

40) speaker – динамик

41) network – сеть

42) to exchange – обменивать

43) hard-disk space – пространство жесткого диска

44) local area network (LAN) – локальная сеть

45) workstation – рабочая станция

46) storage – память

47) to browse – просматривать

48) to link – соединять

49) to access – получить доступ

50) button – кнопка

 

 

(тексты заочникам «АВТ» 1 к.2 сем.)

TEXT № 1. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

TASK: Read and translate the following text. Learn the vocabulary by heart.

Programming languages contain the series of commands that create software. In general, a language that is encoded in binary numbers or a language similar to binary numbers that a computer's hardware understands is understood more quickly by the computer. A program written in this type of language also runs faster. Languages that use words or other commands that reflect how humans think are easier for programmers to use, but they are slower because the language must be translated first so the computer can understand it. (524)

Vocabulary:

to encode – кодировать, шифровать

to reflect – отражать

to understand – понимать

TEXT № 2. Machine Language

TASK: Read and translate the following text. Learn the vocabulary by heart. Name the synonyms of the verb to require. Speak about machine languages with your groupmates. Do you know anything else about machine languages?

Computer programs that can be run by a computer's operating system are called executables. An executable program is a sequence of extremely simple instructions known as machine code. These instructions are specific to the individual computer's CPU and associated hardware; for example, Intel Pentium and Power PC microprocessor chips each have different machine languages and require different sets of codes to perform the same task. Machine code instructions are few in number (roughly 20 to 200, depending on the computer and the CPU). Typical instructions are for copying data from a memory location or for adding the contents of two memory locations (usually registers in the CPU). Machine code instructions are binary—that is, sequences of bits (0s and 1s), Because these numbers are not understood easily by humans, computer instructions usually are not written in machine code. (885)

Vocabulary:

executable program – исполняемая программа

sequence – последовательность, очередность, порядок

machine code – машинный код

associated – взаимодействующий

to require – требовать

set of codes – кодовая комбинация

TEXT № 3. Assembly Language

TASK: Read and translate the following text. Learn the vocabulary by heart. Retell briefly the text.

Assembly language uses commands that are easier for programmers to understand than are machine-language commands. Each machine language instruction has an equivalent command in assembly language. For example, in assembly language, the statement ^“MOV A, B” instructs the computer to copy data from one location to another. The same instruction in machine code is a string of 16 0s and 1s. Once an assembly-language program iswritten, it is converted to a machine-language program by another program called an assembler. Assembly language is fast and powerful because of its correspondence with machine language. It is still difficult to use, however, because assembly-language instructions are a series of abstract codes. In addition, different CPUs use different machine languages and therefore require different assembly languages. Assembly language is sometimes inserted into a high-level language program to carry out specific hardware tasks or to speed up a high-level program. (982)

Vocabulary:

аssembly language – язык ассемблера

string – строка, цепочка, последовательность (символов)

to convert – преобразовывать

assembler – ассемблер

correspondence – соответствие

abstract code – псевдокод, символический код

to insert – вставлять

to speed up – ускорять

therefore – поэтому