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Приготовление дезинфицирующих растворов различной концентрации Практические работы по географии для 6 класса Организация работы процедурного кабинета Изменения в неживой природе осенью Уборка процедурного кабинета Сольфеджио. Все правила по сольфеджио Балочные системы. Определение реакций опор и моментов защемления |
Chairperson, journalist, diplomat, human rights activist, culture exper, the UN representative, film producer, regional studies expert, politician, ASEAN representative . ⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 10 из 10
Study your role card and think of a number of arguments, examples and illustrations to prove your stance. Get ready to defend it against criticism.Make use of the conversational patterns given in Functional Bank.
Appendix 1 Tapescripts Unit 1 Speaker 1 The formation of international organizations has been a 20th-century phenomenon. Nowadays there are more than 2,500 international organizations. Among them are more than 130 intergovernmental unions. The influence of the international organizations is great. They deal with political, social, and economic problems. They are concerned with the environmental problems as well. For example, such international organization as the United Nations is aimed at modifications of the national and international laws for the good of the people. The results of the activity of the international organizations are significant. It can be proved by the fact that the UN General Assembly passed a number of resolutions and declarations that dealt with crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity; genocide; human rights; the right of peoples and nations to self-determination; permanent sovereignty over natural resources; denuclearization; and non-intervention.
Speaker 2 The concerns about the activities of multinational corporations are valid, and abuses have undoubtedly occurred, but many forces are also at work to keep multinational corporations from wielding unlimited power over their operations. Increased consumer awareness of environmental and social issues and the impact of commercial activity on social welfare and environmental quality have greatly influenced the actions of all corporations in recent years, and this trend continues. Multinational corporations are constrained from moving their operations into areas with low labor costs. Social welfare organizations take into consideration the plight of individuals in countries with repressive governments and try to hamper the removal of multinational businesses to areas where legal protection of workers is minimal. Similarly, consumer awareness of global issues lessens the power of multinational corporations in their dealings with government agencies. International conventions of governments are also able to regulate the activities of multinational corporations without fear of economic reprisal.
Speaker 3 While no one doubts the economic success and pervasiveness of multinational corporations, their motives and actions have been called into question by social welfare, environmental protection, and labor organizations worldwide. Certainly, the activities of multinationals have introduced a number of favourable changes, however they pose a threat to the future development of the world community. National and international labor unions have expressed concern that multinational corporations in economically developed countries can avoid labor negotiations. They simply move their jobs to developing countries where labor costs are lower. Offshore outsourcing, or offshoring, is a term used to describe the practice of using cheap foreign labor to manufacture goods or provide services only to sell them back into the domestic marketplace. Social welfare organizations are similarly worried about the actions of multinationals, which are presumably less interested in social matters in countries in which they maintain subsidiary operations. Finally, environmental protection agencies oppose the activities of multinationals, which often maintain environmentally hazardous operations in countries with minimal environmental protection laws.
Speaker 4 Multinational corporations have existed since the beginning of overseas trade. They have played a pivotal role in the business scene throughout history. By the end of the 19th century, advances in communications had more closely linked world markets, and multinational corporations retained their positive image as instruments of improved global relations. In the recent times when multinational corporations have grown in power, they have come to be viewed more ambivalently by both governments and consumers worldwide. Indeed, multinationals today are viewed with increased suspicion because of their manner to penetrate new markets and power they have gained in relation to national governments.
Despite these worries, the corporate social performance of multinationals has been surprisingly favorable today. The activities of multinational corporations encourage technology transfer from the developed to the developing world. The wages paid to multinational employees in developing countries are generally above the national average. When the actions of multinationals do cause a loss of jobs in a given country, it is often the case that another multinational will move into the resulting vacuum, with little loss of jobs in the long run. Subsidiaries of multinationals are also likely to adhere to the standards of environmental protection and in most cases create less pollution than similar indigenous industries.
Speaker 5 Anti-globalization supporters feel that the economic growth does not only make people happier but can often make their lives depressing since such organizations as the World Trade Organization, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund make the rich richer and the poor poorer. These organizations get their share of profit by ignoring nature and human interests. The brightest example is that the WTO norms only serve the interests of multinationals. The guidelines of the WTO are formed by and for institutions that are influential in the world arena. The WTO is known to ignore labor and human rights. At the official level the WTO offers probable solutions to curbing child labor and human rights abuses. In reality the organization is ruled by the ideas that it can not prohibit a product because of the way it is manufactured. It doesn’t take the behavior of companies into account even if they perform business with brutal despotism. Moreover the WTO terms the environmental policies as “hindrance to trade” and encourages firms to break them. The WTO practices such as removing tax on wood products amplifies the timber demand which eventually triggers deforestation. In addition the WTO is increasing social disparity. The phenomenon of free commerce is not helping the majority of the world. Social disparity worsens both internationally and within nations.
Unit 2 Interviewer: Over the last decade the issue of regionalism has once again been brought back in, though in a different form compared to the debate on regional integration some three decades ago. The changes that we are undergoing are global in scope, and in content revolutionary, fundamental and structural. What we are witnessing now is conflicting trends in scientific approaches to the way the world should be developed. Here with us to answer some important questions about the tendencies of the modern world and their historic backgrounds are well-known researchers in the field of international relations Dr. Chris Milner and Prof. Helena Greenway. Dr. Chris Milner: Thank you. It’s great to be here. Interviewer: Considerable interest has been expressed in how regional arrangements formed after World War II have affected and will subsequently influence the global economy. We focus primarily on this era, however, it is widely recognized that regionalism is not just a recent phenomenon. Analysis of the current situation is inspired by the historical background of regionalism which includes several stages. What are they? Dr. Chris Milner: Historically, one can distinguish different degrees of integration among countries, from “shallow” to “deep.” The first 20-30 years after World War II can be seen as a period characterized by shallow integration and is called “old regionalism”. Many regional agreements introduced in the past 10 – 15 years have involved elements of deeper integration, and many of them have linked developing and developed countries - the twin characteristics of “new regionalism.” Interviewer: What is the historic background of old and new regionalisms? Prof. Helena Greenway: Whereas the old regionalism was formed in a bipolar Cold War context, the new is taking shape in a multipolar world order. The new regionalism and multipolarity are, in fact, two sides of the same coin. Dr. Chris Milner: I’d like to add that it is the decline of US hegemony and the breakdown of the Communist subsystem that created a room-for-manoeuvre, in which the new regionalism could develop. It would never have been compatible with the Cold War system, since the “quasi-regions” of that system tended to reproduce bipolarity within themselves. This old pattern of hegemonic regionalism was of course most evident in Europe before 1989, but at the height of the Cold War discernible in all world regions.
Interviewer: Sounds interesting. But what do you mean byhegemonic regionalism? Dr. Chris Milner: Oh, yes. The old regionalism is called hegemonic because it is believed to have been created “from above”, often through superpower intervention, the new one is a more spontaneous process from within the regions, where the states now experience the need for cooperation in order to tackle new global challenges. Prof. Helena Greenway: Errr... Besides, the old regionalism was inward oriented and protectionist in economic terms, the new one is often described as "open". And that is why new regionalism is one way of coping with global transformations in the era of globalization, since most states lack the capacity and the means to manage such a task at the “national” level. Interviewer: Thank you. Still, can you, please, clarify the notion of new regionalism. It is striking that not only are there diverse views on its meaning, contents and operation in practice but there are also very different applications of the term to any form of cooperation amongst countries. What in your opinion are the key characteristic features of New Regionalism?
Prof. Helena Greenway: Well, yes, the ‘New Regionalism’ means many things to many people. However, first of all, New regionalism is a response to new economic realities when the globalisation of market and political integration supplanted the old order of separated national economies and policy-making. New regionalism is characterised by regions which are behaving as new, dynamic political and economic actors entering regional trading and political arrangements. Dr. Chris Milner: Let me point out here that the concept of new regionalism assures that such regional agreements will be building blocks for further global liberalization rather than stumbling blocks that deter the progress. Thus another characteristic of new regionalism is that it is compatible with an interdependent world economy. Interviewer: And what about the objectives of new regionalism? Do they differ from those of the old regionalism? Prof. Helena Greenway: The objectivesof the two forms of regionalism vary greatly. The objectives of the old regionalism were specific. For example, some regional organizations were security oriented but others were economically oriented. In contrast, the new regionalism is a more comprehensive, multidimensional process. The goals of this process include not only trade and economic development, but also environment, social policy and security. Interviewer: Aha,now it’s clear. Now tell us how we should go about the participants of this process? There is an opinion that the old regionalism was concerned only with relations between nation states while the new one includes non-state actors such as different types of institutions, organizations and movements. Dr. Chris Milner: That’s right. The new regionalism is a complex process of transformation resulting from global, regional, national and local interactions and it involves not only nation-states, but also non-state, market, and society actors. Interviewer: Such as? Dr. Chris Milner: In this multi-actor system the size of regionalism extends from mega-regions, such as APEC, macro-regions, such as EU or NAFTA, and to sub-regions (micro-regions), such as ASEAN. Interviewer: Dr. Chris Milner, Prof. Helena Greenway, thak you very much indeed for coming in today... Appendix 2
Word Lists Unit 1 abet abolish abolition abundantly accountability acknowledge ad hoc Adaptive adhere to adjustment advisoryaforementioned aftereffect agenda alliance allocation alter ambivalently amplify ancillary antagonistic arguably assets assist assistance Asynchronously at disposal at stake at the expense at the mercy balance of power band v barrier to trade bear at the core beget beneficial beneficiary boardroom bottom line bribe v Campaign capacity capitalize on circumvent collective security commitment to commodity comparative advantage compete competitive competitor complexity compliance with comprehensive concession concomitantly Concurrently consolidate constrain from consumption pattern contaminate contribute Controversial cornerstone crowd v cultural autonomy cultural homogenization cultural imperialism curb decision-making de-liberalization deliberately denial depreciation deregulation derivative derive the strength from desirability determine Deterrent detrimental devastation development mode development path dignity diminution disarmament disclosure discriminatory disequilibrium disparity displace
diversity domestic policy Doubtfully drastically dubious eclipse by economically vulnerable economies of scale eliminate elimination emerging encourage encroachment endeavor endemic endorse enhance entity entrepreneurial skills erase erosion of sovereignty establish ethnocentric evade ever-increasing evidence evolve exacerbate expenses extent facilitate fad fall over oveself financial stability fiscal fiscal flawlessly flexibility flexibility flexibility and foreign direct investment foster foster gain prominence generate Global mindset go-between match-maker green room negotiations hamper harness hazardous heterogeneous hindrance homogeneity host country host country human capital humanitarian relief ideological interference Impetus implement implication impose impose on impoverish impunity Incentive incentives incitement income inequality increasingly prominent indicate infant industry infringe upon inherent inherently initiative injection into economy insofar integral integral intellectual property rights interest-based interest-free intergovernmental juggle labor-saving technology law suit leverage likelihood likelihood lobby long-standinglure lure lure mandate market competition market value maximize opportunities Meet the needs mobility modification monolithic mounting mounting pressure move in line move in line Multinational nationally-oriented neglect nonproliferation nurture an industry omnipresence ongoing onslaught onslaught overlapping jurisdiction overprice parent company part and parcel pattern peer penetrate pernicious pertaine pervasiveness pervasiveness pervasiveness plight policy reform policymaking policy-making polycentric populace popularize portfolio pose a threat pose a threat pose a threat power disparity precariously precariously preferential preserve peace presumably presume pretext priceless promote put at risk racial segregation rank reckonreduce tariff barrier regardless of repatriate reprisal resentful restraine retain rogue safeguard sameness scope scrutiny settle a dispute severe criticism shape the policy shared economic interests shareholder shareholder shifting patterns Simultaneously smooth manner social cost social protection sovereignty span span span spearhead spearhead specificity Stably stature stature subcontract to submissive subnational subservience subservience subservient to subsidiary subsidiary subsidy subsidy substantially substantive substitute succinctly succinctly succumb succumbed to supersede supersede supervise supervision supplant supremacy supremacy sustain Sustainable Talkatively tame tax concession tax revenue tax revenue think globally threaten to the detriment to the detriment of Trace trade related trade union transnational transparency transparency trigger ultimately unanimously unanimously Uncertainly unchallenged unchallenged authority undeniably under scrutiny undercut undermine undermine underprice underprivileged undertakу undesirable unfavourable unprecedented value-laden value-laden Verbosely vest violate virtue vis-a-vis vulnerable to wage moderation wave fat carrots at wed to weighty well-exceeding wide array of Widen the gap wield power within the confines within the domain wordily Unit 2 aboriginal affinity affluent alignment alliance alteration anchor of stability appropriateness articulate assertive bandwagon benign bipolar blue-print bond borderless bread and butter issue buffer v champion v coalesce coalition coexist commit to commitment comparative compatible complement conclave confrontation consolidate power contain contiguity contribute to counterbalance cross fertilize crossnational cultural affinity decentralization decline defy demarcation derive from deter devolution differential diffusion dilute discernible discrepancy disinclined disproportionate dissolution distinction distinctiveness diversity divide dominance driver elaborate elusive emerge emergence emulate emulation encompass enhance enriching entail eruption excessive explicit explicitly external flourish focal point forerunner halt homogeneity impede implement policy imply in scope incentive Inclined incompatible inconsistency indigenous infringe on inherent integrity interstate invoke jeopardize legitimacy legitimization lesson-drawing levy linkage mainstream maintenance malevolent marginalization mitigate mobilisation monoculture multidimensional multifaceted murderous onset paymaster plague v politicisation power-based approach precondition predatory prerequisite prevalence preventive profound profoundly prominent proximity pursue recede regionalization regionbuilding reinforcement relevant reluctant remittance reputed rest on room-for-manoeuvre roughly safeguard self-binding sentiments set a precedent set off shallow integration shed light on shift smooth smooth v societal sovereignty stall v stem from stepping stone strain Strengthen strive stumbling block suboptimal subtle superiority supplant supranationalism surge surveillance sustainable sustainable tackle take a stand take for granted toolkit transferable transmit transnationalize trigger underly unrivaled uphold Vanish vary vehicle viable vulnerable wane yardstick
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