Chairperson, journalist, diplomat, human rights activist, culture exper, the UN representative, film producer, regional studies expert, politician, ASEAN representative . 


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Chairperson, journalist, diplomat, human rights activist, culture exper, the UN representative, film producer, regional studies expert, politician, ASEAN representative .



Study your role card and think of a number of arguments, examples and illustrations to prove your stance. Get ready to de­fend it against criticism.Make use of the conversational patterns given in Functional Bank.

Diplomat   Journalist
“In the past we thought about Western culture, Chinese culture, Japanese culture, or Eastern culture as of separate cultures belonging to big civilizations over broad geographical regions. In the era of globalization they are increasingly cross fertilizing each other. However, they are still maintaining... If you’re in the United States, you don’t think you’re in India. You don’t even think you’re in Canada necessarily. I mean there’s still regional differences, and I think those will remain. But they’ll become more subtle. And they will become fertilized by other people often in weird ways so that the person who is from India will not necessarily recognize as their religion the weird, Westernized version of their religion. But you see that sort of cross fertilization”.   “Globalization can be called a profoundly enriching process, opening minds to new ideas and experiences, and strengthening the finest universal values of humanity. Universal global culture is formed on the basis of indigenous cultures which transend national borders with the help of mass media. In the era of globalization mass media have proven a powerful means of spreading and imposing traditional cultures and values. It is a medium through which cultural practices and ideas otherwise unknown outside a region are transmitted globally. The globalization of the production and distribution of goods and services is a welcome development for many people in that it offers them access to products that they would not otherwise have. "
     
  Human rights activist  
  “Globalization is a threat to traditions. Globalization means many cultural changes, the loss of traditional existence, the marginalization of indigenous groups, and the problems associated with rapid urbanization and industrialization — pollution, increased crime rates, dramatic inequalities, and a location for a hotbed of social and political instability and upheaval. Such problems can be resolved only within a region. So regional approach seems to be more effective in dealing with contemporary problems and less destructive for cultural identities”.  
     
Culture expert   The UN representative
“The impact of regionalization on culture seems to complement that of globalization since regional indigenous cultures determine cultural values of the whole world. Have you ever heard the expression: "American mass culture goes global"? What is meant by it? It's quite obvious that the US mass culture has influenced the shape of the world's entertainment industry and tastes. So strong is the impact of American culture on people's values and lifestyles all over the world that the US culture and global culture should be regarded as synonymous”.   “Indigenous groups are becoming increasingly assertive in term of maintaining their local identity. Globalization has made it easier for indigenous people to organize, raise funds and network with other groups around the world, with greater political reach and impact than before. The United Nations declared 1995–2004 the International Decade for the World’s Indigenous People, and in 2000 the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues was created. Thus national and local communities are becoming more prominent possessing more power and opportunitites to promote their cultures at regional and even global levels. In this case the fact that national and local identities compete for the world dominance becomes obvious”.
     
  Film producer  
  “Although the United States may play a dominant role within the phenomenon of cultural globalization, it is important to keep in mind that this is not an entirely one-way street. Many other countries also contribute to global culture, including American culture itself. Just as American popular culture influences foreign countries, other national cultures are influential within the United States and also increase their presence worldwide. Most people would think of Hollywood as something entirely American. However, while Hollywood dominates world cinema, American movies are subject to foreign influence. According to The Economist, "one reason for Hollywood's success is that from the earliest days it was open to foreign talent and foreign money." From this perspective, it can be argued Hollywood is a multicultural institution.”  
     
Regional studies expert   Politician
“Regionalism is concerned with an increase in political and economic cooperation based on shared interests, norms and cultural values in a certain region. It is true that cooperation is a lot easier among smaller and more similar groups of states. For instance, indigenous Asian culture is popularized by a conclave of countries situated in Asian region. Common cultural background allows the nations of the region to collaborate effectively in the realm of economy. Strong business bond unites countries of a region in terms of taking care of their aboriginal cultures and preserving their national identity.”   “When global flows of goods, ideas, people and capital lead to cultural exclusion, multicultural policies are needed to manage trade, immigration and investments in ways that recognize cultural differences and identities. The cultural impact of such goods as films and the cultural identity of immigrants needs to be explicitly recognized. The aim of multicultural policies is not to preserve tradition, but to protect cultural liberty and expand people’s choices – in the ways people live and identify themselves – and not to penalize them for these choices. Unfortunately, today’s debates about globalization and the loss of cultural identity have often been argued in terms of upholding national sovereignty, preserving the ancient heritage of indigenous people and safeguarding national culture in the face of growing inflows of foreign people, films, music and other goods. But cultural identities are heterogeneous and evolving – they are dynamic processes in which internal inconsistencies and conflicts drive change”.
     
  ASEAN representative  
  “Despite recent progress in terms of regional integration and a wide spread perception that the concept “unity-in-diversity” plays a role of a driver of regionalism, differences between cultural values and political systems impede the creation of a common identity. In ASEAN, for example, the discrepancies have become more pronounced since its enlargement, and after the financial crisis when it became obvious that “Asian values” were no guarantee to economic success. The processes of regionalism and identity building to some extent create a divide between the member states.”.  
     
Chairperson  
Stage 1 Ladies and Gentlemen, I now declare open the round table devoted to the subject "Do the processes of globalization and regionalization erode indigenous cultures?". On behalf of the University allow me to express our great appre­ciation for your presence here today and for the contributions you are ready to make to the coming discussion. The questions to be debated today are highly controversial and allow for a variety of opinions. The attacks on globalization are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, though they are not extremely unattractive. Yet, all those who assembled here today feel that the young generation needs to know the an­swers. The questions are as follows: 1. Does globalization dilute national identities and “transnationalize” cultures? 2. Is creation of global monoculture possible? 3. How can societies attempt to manage globalization and become developed while maintaining a viable national identity? I propose a time limit on statement of position of 2 minutes and one minute for all оther speakers during the debate. Is that agreed? Thank you. Stage 2 Will participants please identify themselves clearly to the Chair if they wish to speak or ask a question. I call Mr.... Mr...., thank you for that stimulating speech. I now welcome Mr.... Mr...., you have the floor.   Мay I remind the participants to identify themselves clearly to the Chair if they wish to ask a question or make an objection. Does anyone else wish to speak?   We can't all speak at once; Mr.... Would you like to speak first? I shall have to call you to order, Mr....   Now let me summarize the points of view on the first/second/third problem expressed by the participants. According to the majority of the opinions …, though we should mention … Stage 3 To sum up our discussion today, it seems we all agreed that... The discussion revealed that… We weighed the pros and cons of …Consequently, we took a closer look at … Basing on the discussion we have had and the facts and arguments you’ve presented to us today, I’d like to point out that … I declare the discussion closed. Thank you, Ladies and Gentle­men.  

 

 

Appendix 1

Tapescripts

Unit 1

Speaker 1

The formation of international organizations has been a 20th-century phenomenon. Nowadays there are more than 2,500 international organizations. Among them are more than 130 intergovernmental unions.

The influence of the international organizations is great. They deal with political, social, and economic problems. They are concerned with the environmental problems as well. For example, such international organization as the United Nations is aimed at modifications of the national and international laws for the good of the people.

The results of the activity of the international organizations are significant. It can be proved by the fact that the UN General Assembly passed a number of resolutions and declarations that dealt with crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity; genocide; human rights; the right of peoples and nations to self-determination; permanent sovereignty over natural resources; denuclearization; and non-intervention.

 

Speaker 2

The concerns about the activities of multinational corporations are valid, and abuses have undoubtedly occurred, but many forces are also at work to keep multinational corporations from wielding unlimited power over their operations.

Increased consumer awareness of environmental and social issues and the impact of commercial activity on social welfare and environmental quality have greatly influenced the actions of all corporations in recent years, and this trend continues.

Multinational corporations are constrained from moving their operations into areas with low labor costs. Social welfare organizations take into consideration the plight of individuals in countries with repressive governments and try to hamper the removal of multinational businesses to areas where legal protection of workers is minimal.

Similarly, consumer awareness of global issues lessens the power of multinational corporations in their dealings with government agencies. International conventions of governments are also able to regulate the activities of multinational corporations without fear of economic reprisal.

 

Speaker 3

While no one doubts the economic success and pervasiveness of multinational corporations, their motives and actions have been called into question by social welfare, environmental protection, and labor organizations worldwide. Certainly, the activities of multinationals have introduced a number of favourable changes, however they pose a threat to the future development of the world community.

National and international labor unions have expressed concern that multinational corporations in economically developed countries can avoid labor negotiations. They simply move their jobs to developing countries where labor costs are lower. Offshore outsourcing, or offshoring, is a term used to describe the practice of using cheap foreign labor to manufacture goods or provide services only to sell them back into the domestic marketplace.

Social welfare organizations are similarly worried about the actions of multinationals, which are presumably less interested in social matters in countries in which they maintain subsidiary operations.

Finally, environmental protection agencies oppose the activities of multinationals, which often maintain environmentally hazardous operations in countries with minimal environmental protection laws.

 

Speaker 4

Multinational corporations have existed since the beginning of overseas trade. They have played a pivotal role in the business scene throughout history. By the end of the 19th century, advances in communications had more closely linked world markets, and multinational corporations retained their positive image as instruments of improved global relations.

In the recent times when multinational corporations have grown in power, they have come to be viewed more ambivalently by both governments and consumers worldwide. Indeed, multinationals today are viewed with increased suspicion because of their manner to penetrate new markets and power they have gained in relation to national governments.

Despite these worries, the corporate social performance of multinationals has been surprisingly favorable today. The activities of multinational corporations encourage technology transfer from the developed to the developing world. The wages paid to multinational employees in developing countries are generally above the national average. When the actions of multinationals do cause a loss of jobs in a given country, it is often the case that another multinational will move into the resulting vacuum, with little loss of jobs in the long run. Subsidiaries of multinationals are also likely to adhere to the standards of environmental protection and in most cases create less pollution than similar indigenous industries.

 

Speaker 5

Anti-globalization supporters feel that the economic growth does not only make people happier but can often make their lives depressing since such organizations as the World Trade Organization, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund make the rich richer and the poor poorer. These organizations get their share of profit by ignoring nature and human interests.

The brightest example is that the WTO norms only serve the interests of multinationals. The guidelines of the WTO are formed by and for institutions that are influential in the world arena.

The WTO is known to ignore labor and human rights. At the official level the WTO offers probable solutions to curbing child labor and human rights abuses. In reality the organization is ruled by the ideas that it can not prohibit a product because of the way it is manufactured. It doesn’t take the behavior of companies into account even if they perform business with brutal despotism.

Moreover the WTO terms the environmental policies as “hindrance to trade” and encourages firms to break them. The WTO practices such as removing tax on wood products amplifies the timber demand which eventually triggers deforestation.

In addition the WTO is increasing social disparity. The phenomenon of free commerce is not helping the majority of the world. Social disparity worsens both internationally and within nations.

 

Unit 2

Interviewer: Over the last decade the issue of regionalism has once again been brought back in, though in a different form compared to the debate on regional integration some three decades ago. The changes that we are undergoing are global in scope, and in content revolutionary, fundamental and structural. What we are witnessing now is conflicting trends in scientific approaches to the way the world should be developed. Here with us to answer some important questions about the tendencies of the modern world and their historic backgrounds are well-known researchers in the field of international relations Dr. Chris Milner and Prof. Helena Greenway.

Dr. Chris Milner: Thank you. It’s great to be here.

Interviewer: Considerable interest has been expressed in how regional arrangements formed after World War II have affected and will subsequently influence the global economy. We focus primarily on this era, however, it is widely recognized that regionalism is not just a recent phenomenon. Analysis of the current situation is inspired by the historical background of regionalism which includes several stages. What are they?

Dr. Chris Milner: Historically, one can distinguish different degrees of integration among countries, from “shallow” to “deep.” The first 20-30 years after World War II can be seen as a period characterized by shallow integration and is called “old regionalism”. Many regional agreements introduced in the past 10 – 15 years have involved elements of deeper integration, and many of them have linked developing and developed countries - the twin characteristics of “new regionalism.”

Interviewer: What is the historic background of old and new regionalisms?

Prof. Helena Greenway: Whereas the old regionalism was formed in a bipolar Cold War context, the new is taking shape in a multipolar world order. The new regionalism and multipolarity are, in fact, two sides of the same coin.

Dr. Chris Milner: I’d like to add that it is the decline of US hegemony and the breakdown of the Communist subsystem that created a room-for-manoeuvre, in which the new regionalism could develop. It would never have been compatible with the Cold War system, since the “quasi-regions” of that system tended to reproduce bipolarity within themselves. This old pattern of hegemonic regionalism was of course most evident in Europe before 1989, but at the height of the Cold War discernible in all world regions.

Interviewer: Sounds interesting. But what do you mean byhegemonic regionalism?

Dr. Chris Milner: Oh, yes. The old regionalism is called hegemonic because it is believed to have been created “from above”, often through superpower intervention, the new one is a more spontaneous process from within the regions, where the states now experience the need for cooperation in order to tackle new global challenges.

Prof. Helena Greenway: Errr... Besides, the old regionalism was inward oriented and protectionist in economic terms, the new one is often described as "open". And that is why new regionalism is one way of coping with global transformations in the era of globalization, since most states lack the capacity and the means to manage such a task at the “national” level.

Interviewer: Thank you. Still, can you, please, clarify the notion of new regionalism. It is striking that not only are there diverse views on its meaning, contents and operation in practice but there are also very different applications of the term to any form of cooperation amongst countries. What in your opinion are the key characteristic features of New Regionalism?

 

Prof. Helena Greenway: Well, yes, the ‘New Regionalism’ means many things to many people. However, first of all, New regionalism is a response to new economic realities when the globalisation of market and political integration supplanted the old order of separated national economies and policy-making. New regionalism is characterised by regions which are behaving as new, dynamic political and economic actors entering regional trading and political arrangements.

Dr. Chris Milner: Let me point out here that the concept of new regionalism assures that such regional agreements will be building blocks for further global liberalization rather than stumbling blocks that deter the progress. Thus another characteristic of new regionalism is that it is compatible with an interdependent world economy.

Interviewer: And what about the objectives of new regionalism? Do they differ from those of the old regionalism?

Prof. Helena Greenway: The objectivesof the two forms of regionalism vary greatly. The objectives of the old regionalism were specific. For example, some regional organizations were security oriented but others were economically oriented. In contrast, the new regionalism is a more comprehensive, multidimensional process. The goals of this process include not only trade and economic development, but also environment, social policy and security.

Interviewer: Aha,now it’s clear. Now tell us how we should go about the participants of this process? There is an opinion that the old regionalism was concerned only with relations between nation states while the new one includes non-state actors such as different types of institutions, organizations and movements.

Dr. Chris Milner: That’s right. The new regionalism is a complex process of transformation resulting from global, regional, national and local interactions and it involves not only nation-states, but also non-state, market, and society actors.

Interviewer: Such as?

Dr. Chris Milner: In this multi-actor system the size of regionalism extends from mega-regions, such as APEC, macro-regions, such as EU or NAFTA, and to sub-regions (micro-regions), such as ASEAN.

Interviewer: Dr. Chris Milner, Prof. Helena Greenway, thak you very much indeed for coming in today...


Appendix 2

 

Word Lists

Unit 1


abet

abolish

abolition

abundantly

accountability

acknowledge

ad hoc

Adaptive

adhere to

adjustment

advisory

aforementioned

aftereffect

agenda

alliance

allocation

alter

ambivalently

amplify

ancillary

antagonistic

arguably

assets

assist

assistance

Asynchronously

at disposal

at stake

at the expense

at the mercy

balance of power

band v

barrier to trade

bear at the core

beget

beneficial

beneficiary

boardroom

bottom line

bribe v

Campaign

capacity

capitalize on

circumvent

collective security

commitment to

commodity

comparative advantage

compete

competitive

competitor

complexity

compliance with

comprehensive

concession

concomitantly

Concurrently

consolidate

constrain from

consumption pattern

contaminate

contribute

Controversial

cornerstone

crowd v

cultural autonomy

cultural homogenization

cultural imperialism

curb

decision-making

de-liberalization

deliberately

denial

depreciation

deregulation

derivative

derive the strength from

desirability

determine

Deterrent

detrimental

devastation

development mode

development path

dignity

diminution

disarmament

disclosure

discriminatory

disequilibrium

disparity

displace

diversity

domestic policy

Doubtfully

drastically

dubious

eclipse by

economically vulnerable

economies of scale

eliminate

elimination

emerging

encourage

encroachment

endeavor

endemic

endorse

enhance

entity

entrepreneurial skills

erase

erosion of sovereignty

establish

ethnocentric

evade

ever-increasing

evidence

evolve

exacerbate

expenses

extent

facilitate

fad

fall over oveself

financial stability

fiscal

fiscal

flawlessly

flexibility

flexibility

flexibility and

foreign direct investment

foster

foster

gain prominence

generate

Global mindset

go-between match-maker

green room negotiations

hamper

harness

hazardous

heterogeneous

hindrance

homogeneity

host country

host country

human capital

humanitarian relief

ideological interference

Impetus

implement

implication

impose

impose on

impoverish

impunity

Incentive

incentives

incitement

income inequality

increasingly prominent

indicate

infant industry

infringe upon

inherent

inherently

initiative

injection into economy

insofar

integral

integral

intellectual property rights

interest-based

interest-free

intergovernmental

juggle

labor-saving technology

law suit

leverage

likelihood

likelihood

lobby

long-standing

lure

lure

lure

mandate

market competition

market value

maximize opportunities

Meet the needs

mobility

modification

monolithic

mounting

mounting pressure

move in line

move in line

Multinational

nationally-oriented

neglect

nonproliferation

nurture an industry

omnipresence

ongoing

onslaught

onslaught

overlapping jurisdiction

overprice

parent company

part and parcel

pattern

peer

penetrate

pernicious

pertaine

pervasiveness

pervasiveness

pervasiveness

plight

policy reform

policymaking

policy-making

polycentric

populace

popularize

portfolio

pose a threat

pose a threat

pose a threat

power disparity

precariously

precariously

preferential

preserve peace

presumably

presume

pretext

priceless

promote

put at risk

racial segregation

rank

reckon

reduce tariff barrier

regardless of

repatriate

reprisal

resentful

restraine

retain

rogue

safeguard

sameness

scope

scrutiny

settle a dispute

severe criticism

shape the policy

shared economic interests

shareholder

shareholder

shifting patterns

Simultaneously

smooth manner

social cost

social protection

sovereignty

span

span

span

spearhead

spearhead

specificity

Stably

stature

stature

subcontract to

submissive

subnational

subservience

subservience

subservient to

subsidiary

subsidiary

subsidy

subsidy

substantially

substantive

substitute

succinctly

succinctly

succumb

succumbed to

supersede

supersede

supervise

supervision

supplant

supremacy

supremacy

sustain

Sustainable

Talkatively

tame

tax concession

tax revenue

tax revenue

think globally

threaten

to the detriment

to the detriment of

Trace

trade related

trade union

transnational

transparency

transparency

trigger

ultimately

unanimously

unanimously

Uncertainly

unchallenged

unchallenged authority

undeniably

under scrutiny

undercut

undermine

undermine

underprice

underprivileged

undertakу

undesirable

unfavourable

unprecedented

value-laden

value-laden

Verbosely

vest

violate

virtue

vis-a-vis

vulnerable to

wage moderation

wave fat carrots at

wed to

weighty

well-exceeding

wide array of

Widen the gap

wield power

within the confines

within the domain

wordily



Unit 2


aboriginal

affinity

affluent

alignment

alliance

alteration

anchor of stability

appropriateness

articulate

assertive

bandwagon

benign

bipolar

blue-print

bond

borderless

bread and butter issue

buffer v

champion v

coalesce

coalition

coexist

commit to

commitment

comparative

compatible

complement

conclave

confrontation

consolidate power

contain

contiguity

contribute to

counterbalance

cross fertilize

crossnational

cultural affinity

decentralization

decline

defy

demarcation

derive from

deter

devolution

differential

diffusion

dilute

discernible

discrepancy

disinclined

disproportionate

dissolution

distinction

distinctiveness

diversity

divide

dominance

driver

elaborate

elusive

emerge

emergence

emulate

emulation

encompass

enhance

enriching

entail

eruption

excessive

explicit

explicitly

external

flourish

focal point

forerunner

halt

homogeneity

impede

implement policy

imply

in scope

incentive

Inclined

incompatible

inconsistency

indigenous

infringe on

inherent

integrity

interstate

invoke

jeopardize

legitimacy

legitimization

lesson-drawing

levy

linkage

mainstream

maintenance

malevolent

marginalization

mitigate

mobilisation

monoculture

multidimensional

multifaceted

murderous

onset

paymaster

plague v

politicisation

power-based approach

precondition

predatory

prerequisite

prevalence

preventive

profound

profoundly

prominent

proximity

pursue

recede

regionalization

regionbuilding

reinforcement

relevant

reluctant

remittance

reputed

rest on

room-for-manoeuvre

roughly

safeguard

self-binding

sentiments

set a precedent

set off

shallow integration

shed light on

shift

smooth

smooth v

societal

sovereignty

stall v

stem from

stepping stone

strain

Strengthen

strive

stumbling block

suboptimal

subtle

superiority

supplant

supranationalism

surge

surveillance

sustainable

sustainable

tackle

take a stand

take for granted

toolkit

transferable

transmit

transnationalize

trigger

underly

unrivaled

uphold

Vanish

vary

vehicle

viable

vulnerable

wane

yardstick



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