Заглавная страница Избранные статьи Случайная статья Познавательные статьи Новые добавления Обратная связь КАТЕГОРИИ: АрхеологияБиология Генетика География Информатика История Логика Маркетинг Математика Менеджмент Механика Педагогика Религия Социология Технологии Физика Философия Финансы Химия Экология ТОП 10 на сайте Приготовление дезинфицирующих растворов различной концентрацииТехника нижней прямой подачи мяча. Франко-прусская война (причины и последствия) Организация работы процедурного кабинета Смысловое и механическое запоминание, их место и роль в усвоении знаний Коммуникативные барьеры и пути их преодоления Обработка изделий медицинского назначения многократного применения Образцы текста публицистического стиля Четыре типа изменения баланса Задачи с ответами для Всероссийской олимпиады по праву Мы поможем в написании ваших работ! ЗНАЕТЕ ЛИ ВЫ?
Влияние общества на человека
Приготовление дезинфицирующих растворов различной концентрации Практические работы по географии для 6 класса Организация работы процедурного кабинета Изменения в неживой природе осенью Уборка процедурного кабинета Сольфеджио. Все правила по сольфеджио Балочные системы. Определение реакций опор и моментов защемления |
Task 1. In pairs answer the following questions.
1. What are different types of engineers concerned with? 2. What are different branches of engineering concerned with?
Task 2. Look up the words in a dictionary find their pronunciation and read them aloud.
Task 3. Learn the new words and phrases.
Task 4. Translate the following words and phrases into Russian.
Task 5. Make up your own sentences using the words and phrases from tasks 3, 4, 5 Task 6. Read and translate each part of the text using a dictionary. Text 1 Civil Engineering. The term " engineering " is a modern one. The New Merriam-Webster Dictionary gives the explanation of the word " engineering " as the practical application of scientific and mathematical principles. Nowadays the term "engineering" means, as a rule, the art of designing, constructing, or using engines. But this word is now applied in a more extended sense. It is applied also to the art of executing such works as the objects of civil and military architecture, in which engines or other mechanical appliances are used. Engineering is divided into many branches. The most important of them are civil, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine, and sanitary engineering. While the definition "'civil engineering"dates back only two centuries, the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life. It started developing with the rise of ancient Rome. In order to understand clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays, let us consider briefly the development of different branches of engineering. Some form of building and utilization of the materials have always been necessary for the people from the prehistoric times. People had to protect themselves against the enemies and to sustain themselves in the conflict with nature. First the word "civil engineering" was used to distinguish the work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from that of a military engineer. And up to about the middle of the 18th century there were two main branches of engineering — civil and military. The former included all those branches of the constructive art not directly connected with military operations and the constructions of fortifications, while the latter, military engineering, concerned itself with the applications of science and the utilization of building materials in the art of war.
But as time went on, the art of civil engineering was enriched with new achievements of science. With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and later there came a remarkable series of mechanical inventions, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic energy. It led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering, etc. It is a well-known fact that with the invention of the steam engine and the growth of factories a number of civil engineers became interested in the practical application of the science of mechanics and thermodynamics to the design of machines. They separated themselves from civil engineering, and were called "mechanical engineers". The term "civil engineering" has two distinct meanings. In the widest and oldest sense it includes all non-military branches of engineering as it did two centuries ago. But in its narrower, and at the present day more correct sense, civil engineering includes mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgical, and mining engineering. Here are some fields of civil engineering: 1. Housing, industrial, and agricultural construction. 2. Structural engineering comprises the construction of all fixed structures with their foundations. 3. The construction of highways and city streets and pavements. 4. The construction of railroads. 5. The construction of harbours and canals. 6. Hydraulic engineering which includes the construction of dams and power plants. The above enumeration will make clear the vast extent of the field of civil engineering. Task7. Find Russian equivalents to the following: Practical application of scientific and mathematical principles, designing, to be applied, in a more extended sense, to be divided into, nuclear engineering, mining engineering, sanitary engineering, to constitute, to distinguish, a non-military purpose, the former … the latter, constructive art, constructions of fortifications, to be enriched with new achievements of science, a remarkable series of mechanical inventions, housing construction, industrial construction, agricultural construction, structural engineering, to comprise. Task 8. Find English equivalents to the following: Делить на что-либо, строительство укреплений, практическое применение научных математических принципов, включать, гражданское строительство; сельскохозяйственное строительство, жилищное строительство, серия значительных открытий связанных с проектированием и производством механизмов, быть обогащенным новыми достижениями в науке, строительное ремесло, включать, различать, составлять, водоснабжение и водоотведение, горное дело, в более широком смысле, применяться, проектирование. Task 9. Match the following words with their synonyms:
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Последнее изменение этой страницы: 2016-08-26; просмотров: 256; Нарушение авторского права страницы; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! infopedia.su Все материалы представленные на сайте исключительно с целью ознакомления читателями и не преследуют коммерческих целей или нарушение авторских прав. Обратная связь - 3.236.217.172 (0.004 с.) |