Task 1. In pairs answer the following questions. 


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Task 1. In pairs answer the following questions.



1. What are different types of engineers concerned with?

2. What are different branches of engineering concerned with?

 

Task 2. Look up the words in a dictionary find their pronunciation and read them aloud.

mechanism  
principle  
architecture  
material  
construction  
mechanics  
economics  
thermodynamics  
communication  
utilization  
fortification  
atomic  

Task 3. Learn the new words and phrases.

in a more extended sense в более широком смысле
the former..., the latter... имеется в виду из двух упомянутых)..., тогда как последний... (из двух упомянутых)
Here are some fields of civil engineering Вот некоторые области строительства
appliance приспособление, прибор
to apply применять, использовать
to apply to употреблять
branch ветвь; филиал; отрасль
to concern with касаться, относиться; интересовать
to conflict with nature   противоречить природе, бороться с природой
to deal with иметь дело с чем-либо, кем-либо.
to divide into делить, делить на группы, разделять
to distinguish from отличать
to execute выполнять
harbour гавань
to lead to вести к
to protect oneself against защищаться от чего-л.
to sustain поддерживать; выдерживать

Task 4. Translate the following words and phrases into Russian.

designing  
constructing,  
utilization of the materials  
art of executing  
to consider  
application of science  

Task 5. Make up your own sentences using the words and phrases from tasks 3, 4, 5

Task 6. Read and translate each part of the text using a dictionary.

Text 1

Civil Engineering.

The term " engineering " is a modern one. The New Merriam-Webster Dictionary gives the explanation of the word " engineer­ing " as the practical application of scientific and mathematical prin­ciples. Nowadays the term "engineering" means, as a rule, the art of designing, constructing, or using engines. But this word is now ap­plied in a more extended sense. It is applied also to the art of executing such works as the objects of civil and military architec­ture, in which engines or other mechanical appliances are used. En­gineering is divided into many branches. The most important of them are civil, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine, and sanitary engineering.

While the definition "'civil engineering"dates back only two cen­turies, the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life. It started developing with the rise of ancient Rome. In order to understand clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays, let us consider briefly the development of different branches of engineer­ing. Some form of building and utilization of the materials have always been necessary for the people from the prehistoric times. People had to protect themselves against the enemies and to sustain themselves in the conflict with nature.

First the word "civil engineering" was used to distinguish the work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from that of a mil­itary engineer. And up to about the middle of the 18th century there were two main branches of engineering — civil and military. The former included all those branches of the constructive art not direct­ly connected with military operations and the constructions of forti­fications, while the latter, military engineering, concerned itself with the applications of science and the utilization of building mate­rials in the art of war.

But as time went on, the art of civil engineering was enriched with new achievements of science. With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and later there came a remarkable series of mechanical inventions, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic ener­gy. It led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engi­neering, etc.

It is a well-known fact that with the invention of the steam engine and the growth of factories a number of civil engineers became inter­ested in the practical application of the science of mechanics and thermodynamics to the design of machines. They separated them­selves from civil engineering, and were called "mechanical engi­neers".

The term "civil engineering" has two distinct meanings. In the widest and oldest sense it includes all non-military branches of engi­neering as it did two centuries ago. But in its narrower, and at the present day more correct sense, civil engineering includes mechani­cal engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgical, and mining engineering.

Here are some fields of civil engineering:

1. Housing, industrial, and agricultural construction.

2. Structural engineering comprises the construction of all fixed structures with their foundations.

3. The construction of highways and city streets and pavements.

4. The construction of railroads.

5. The construction of harbours and canals.

6. Hydraulic engineering which includes the construction of dams and power plants.

The above enumeration will make clear the vast extent of the field of civil engineering.

Task7. Find Russian equivalents to the following:

Practical application of scientific and mathematical prin­ciples, designing, to be ap­plied, in a more extended sense, to be divided into, nuclear engineering, mining engineering, sanitary engineering, to constitute, to distinguish, a non-military purpose, the former … the latter, constructive art, constructions of forti­fications, to be enriched with new achievements of science, a remarkable series of mechanical inventions, housing construction, industrial construction, agricultural construction, structural engineering, to comprise.

Task 8. Find English equivalents to the following:

Делить на что-либо, строительство укреплений, практическое применение научных математических принципов, включать, гражданское строительство; сельскохозяйственное строительство, жилищное строительство, серия значительных открытий связанных с проектированием и производством механизмов, быть обогащенным новыми достижениями в науке, строительное ремесло, включать, различать, составлять, водоснабжение и водоотведение, горное дело, в более широком смысле, применяться, проектирование.

Task 9. Match the following words with their synonyms:

 



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