З дисципліни «теорія і практика перекладу»

МЕТОДИЧНІ РЕКОМЕНДАЦІЇ

З ДИСЦИПЛІНИ «ТЕОРІЯ І ПРАКТИКА ПЕРЕКЛАДУ»

ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТІВ 3-4-х КУРСІВ

СПЕЦІАЛЬНОСТІ МІЖНАРОДНА ІНФОРМАЦІЯ

ННІМЕВ ІМЕНІ Б. ГАВРИЛИШИНА

 

 

ТЕРНОПІЛЬ, 2015

Методичні рекомендації з дисципліни «Теорія і практика перекладу»

для студентів 3-4-х курсів спеціальності «Міжнародна інформація» ННІМЕМ імені Б. Гаврилишина

 

 

Укладач: канд. пед. н., ст. викл. І. Ф. Шилінська

Рецензенти: канд. філол. наук, доцент кафедри теорії та практики перекладу Тернопільського національного педагогічного університету імені Володимира Гнатюка Г. В. Чумак

канд. філол. наук, доцент кафедри української та іноземних мов Тернопільського національного технічного університету

імені Івана Пулюя Л. Т. Назаревич

 

Затверджено на засіданні кафедри іноземних мов та професійної комунікації

Тернопільського національного економічного університету

(протокол № від 20 березня 2014р.

 

Ухвалено комісією з гуманітарних дисциплін Науково-методичної ради

(протокол № 8 від 25 березня в 2015р.)

CONTENTS

Передмова ………………………………………………………………………...2

Theoretical Aspects of Translation

Translation as a notion…………………………………………………………….3

Ways of Translating………………………………………………………………4

Kinds of Translating………………………………………………………………6

 

Lexicological Aspects of Translation

2.1. Conveying the Meanings of Language Units ……………………………...10

Types of Equivalents and Ways of Rendering their Meanings…………………10

Descriptive Translation…………………………………………………………11

Antonymic Translation………………………………………………………….12

Translation of Terminology

Scientific and Technical Terminology …………………………………………..15

Aspects of Scientific and Technical Translation…………………………………16

Units of International Lexicon and Ways of Rendering Their Meaning

Identification of Genuine Internationalisms………………………………………20

Pseudo-international Words or Translator’s False Friends……………………….21

Translating of Genuine and Loan Internationalisms……………………………...22

Units of Nationally Biased Lexicon and Ways of Their Translation

Ways of Rendering the Meaning of Nationally Biased Units of Lexicon………...27

Translation of Phraseological/Idiomatic and Stable Expressions…………………29

Methods and Ways of Translating Various Proper Names……………………….31

 

Grammatical Aspects of Translation

Ways of Translating the English Infinitive and Infinitival Complexes…………...35

Ways of Translating the Participle and Participle Constructions…………………39

Ways of Translating the Gerund and Gerundial Complexes……………………...43

 

Література………………………………………………………………………..51

 

 

ПЕРЕДМОВА

Методичні рекомендації з дисципліни «Теорія і практика перекладу» розраховано на студентів 3-4-х курсів галузі знань 0302 Міжнародні відносини напряму підготовки 6.030204 Міжнародна інформація.

Мета означеної праці полягає у підготовці фахівців галузі міжнародних відносин для для роботи з текстами та усними повідомленнями економічного, науково-технічного та громадсько-політичного змісту. Завданням є формування перекладацької компетентності та специфічних навичок перекладацької діяльності, засвоєння необхідних теоретичних знань, збагачення словникового запасу студентів спеціальною термінологією економічної, науково-технічної та гуманітарної галузей.

Поява таких методичних рекомендацій викликана потребою забезпечення навчального процесу необхідною навчально-методичною літературою для виконання завдань, обумовлених навчальними планами.

Структуру методичних рекомендацій розроблено згідно з робочою програмою вивчення дисципліни «Теорія і практика перекладу». Запропоновано такі розділи: Theoretical Aspects of Translation, Lexicological Aspects of Translation, Grammatical Aspects of Translation. Після кожного розділу підібрано систему вправ, спрямованих на розвиток і формування навичок перекладу з англійської мови на українську і навпаки.

У першому розділі розглядаються загальнотеоретичні питання перекладу, зокрема основні види і форми перекладу, пояснюються деякі перекладацькі терміни і поняття.

У другому розділі увагу зосереджено на лексичних проблемах перекладу різних мовних одиниць, понять і явищ англійської мови, а також на особливостях перекладу науково-технічної термінології.

Третій розділ містить відомості про граматичні аспекти прекладу, а саме: питання перекладу інфінітивних, дієприкметникових та герундіальних конструкцій.

Теоретичний і практичний матеріал укладено на основі літератури, список якої наведено на ст.53.

 

THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF TRANSLATION

Translation as a notion

Ways of Translating

Kinds of Translating

Translation as a notion

Translation as a term and notion is of polysemantic nature and is mostly associated with the action or process of rendering the content of a source language (SL) word, word-group, sentence or passage in the target language (TL). The art of translation is one of the most subtle and difficult arts. A good translation is always the product of hard work of a talented translator.

The term «interpretation» is synonymous to «translation» and is used to denote the way or manner of presenting the idea of the work in translation orally (as well as its aesthetic, religious, political, pragmatic background and other qualitative characteristics of the work under translation). These may be artistic, genre and stylistic peculiarities rendered by the translator in his particular way, which is somewhat different from that of the author's. The thing is that «interpretation», unlike «translation», admits some more freedom of the translator in his treatment (at least in certain places or cases) of the matter under translation.

Translation is a human activity known since remote times and the profession of an interpreter or a translator is one of the oldest. The translator makes possible an exchange of information between the users of different languages by producing in the target language a text which has an identical communicative value with the source (or original) text (ST). This target text (TT) that is the translation is not fully identical with ST as to its form or content due to the limitations imposed by the formal and semantic differences between the SL and TL. Nevertheless the users of TT identify it, to all intents and purposes, with ST – functionally, structurally and semantically.

The functional identification is revealed in the fact that the users handle TT in such a way as if it were ST, a creation of the source text author. The functional status of a translation is supported by its structural and semantic similarity with the original. The structure of the translation should follow that of the original text: there should be no change in the sequence of narration or in the arrangement of the segments of the text. The translator is allowed to resort to a description or interpretation, only in case direct translation is impossible.

Semantic identification of the translation is presumed that the translation has the same meaning as the original text. No exchange of information is possible if there is discrepancy between the transmitted and the received message. The presumption of semantic identity between ST and TT is based on the various degrees of equivalence of their meanings. The translator usually tries to produce in TL the closest possible equivalent to ST.

 

Ways of Translating

The level or the degree of faithfulness of translation is predetermined by some factors. The main of them are the purpose of the translation to be performed, the skills of the translator/interpreter, the type of the matter selected for translation, etc. Depending on these and some other factors, the following methods of translating are traditionally recognized in the theory and practice of translation:

1. Literal translating is employed when dealing with separate words whose form and structure, as well as their lexical meaning in the source language and in the target language, fully coincide. These are predominantly international by original morphemes, lexemes/words, rarer word-groups having in English and Ukrainian (and often in some other languages too) a literally identical or very similar presentation and identical lexical meaning: administrator – адміністратор, director – директор, region – регіон hotel/motel – готель/мотель, hydrometer – гідрометр, Tom- Том, etc.

In many cases, however, the lingual form of the source language words is only partly conveyed in the target language. This happens when the common word is borrowed by each of the two languages from different source languages or when its lingual form is predetermined by the orthographic peculiarities of the target language: anti-alcoholic – протиалкогольний, music – музика, constitution – конституція, zoology – зоологія, atomic weight – атомна вага, chemical process – хімічний процес, national opera theatre – національний оперний театр.

2. Verbal translating is also employed at lexeme/word level. But unlike literal translating it never conveys the orthographic or the sounding form of the source language units, but their denotative meaning only: fearful – страшний, fearless – безстрашний, helpless – безпорадний, incorrect – неправильний, mistrust – недовіра, superprofit – надприбуток, non-interference – невтручання, weightlessness – невагомість etc.

The overwhelming majority of other words, when translated verbally do not preserve their structure in the target language. That is explained by the differences in the morphological systems of the English and Ukrainian languages: abundantly – рясно; bank – берег, береговий; cliff – бескид, скеля, круча; myself – я, я сам/сама; автомат – automatic machine, rifle; заввишки – high, tall; письменник – write, author; червоніти – to get/grow red, etc.

Verbal translating of polysemantic words permits a choice among some variants which is practically impossible in literal translating. Thus, the Ukrainian word автомат can have the following equivalent variants in English: 1. automatic machine; 2. slot-machine; 3. automatic telephone; 4. submachine gun (tommy gun). Similarly, the Englsih word bank when out of a definite context may have the following equivalent variants in Ukrainian: 1. берег (річки); 2. банк; 3. вал/насип; 4. мілина; 5. замет; 6. крен, віраж(авіац.); 7. поклади (корисних копалин). The literal variant/equivalent of the noun bank in Ukrainian can be, naturally, «банк» only.

When employed at the level of word-combinations or sentences verbal translation may often make the language units ungrammatical and pervert or completely ruin their sense: am reading now is not я є читаючий зараз, but я читаю зараз; never say die is not ніколи не кажи помираю but не падай духом; to grow strong is not рости міцним but ставати дужим; to take measures is not брати міри but вживати заходів; etc.

3. Word-for-word translation presents a consecutive verbal translation at the level of word-groups and sentences. This way of translation is often employed both consciously and subconsciously by students in the process of translating alien grammatical constructions/word forms. Sometimes students at the initial stage of learning a foreign language may employ this way of translation even when dealing with seemingly common phrases or sentences, which are structurally different from their equivalents in the native tongue. Usually the students employ word-for-word translation to convey the sense of word-groups or sentences which have a structural form, the order of words, and the means of connection quite different from those in the target language. To achieve faithfulness various grammatical transformations are to be performed in the process of translation and word-for-word variants are to be corrected to avoid various grammatical violations: You are right to begin with – ви маєте рацію, щоб почати з instead of Почнемо з того/припустимо, що ви маєте рацію/що ви праві.

4. Literary Translating represents the highest level of a translator's activity. Depending on the type of the matter under translation, this method of performance may be either literary proper or literary artistic.

Literary artistic translation presents a faithful conveying of content and of the artistic merits only of a fiction/belles-lettres passage or work. The latter may be either of a prose or a poetic genre (verse).

Literary proper translation is performed on any other than fiction/belles-lettres passages/works. These may include scientific or technical matter, didactic matter (different text-books), business correspondence, the language of documents, epistolary texts, etc. In short, any printed or recorded matter devoid of artistic merits (epithets, metaphors, etc.). But whether literary proper or literary artistic, this translation provides an equivalent rendering not only of complete content but also of the stylistic peculiarities of the passage/ work and its artistic merits, as in belles-lettres style texts.

Literary translations are always performed in literary all-nation languages and with many transformations which help achieve the ease and beauty of the original composition. The number of phrases and sentences in a literary translation is never the same as in the source language passage, neither are the same means of expression or the number and quality of stylistic devices. All these transformations are made in order to achieve faithfulness in rendering content and expressiveness of the passage under translation. Transformations are also used to convey the features of style and the genre peculiarities of the works under translation.

Literary proper or literary artistic translation of a larger passage often requires linguistic, historical and other inquiries in order to clarify the obscure places (historic events, notions of specific national lexicon, neologisms, archaisms, etc.).

5. Machine translation. Rendering of information from a foreign language with the help of electronic devices represents the latest development in modern translation practice. Due to the fundamental research in the systems of algorithms and in the establishment of lexical equivalence in different layers of lexicon, machine translating has made considerable progress in recent years. Nevertheless, its employment remains restricted in the main to scientific and technological information and to the sphere of lexicographic work. That is because machine translation can be performed only on the basis of programs elaborated by linguistically trained operators. Besides, preparing programs for any matter is connected with great difficulties and takes much time, whereas the quality of translation is far from being always satisfactory even at the lexical level, i.e., at the level of words, which have direct equivalent lexemes in the target language. Considerably greater difficulties, which are insurmountable for machine translators, present morphological elements (endings, suffixes, prefixes, etc.). No smaller obstacles for machine translation are also syntactic units (word-combinations and sentences) with various means of connection between their components. Hence, the frequent violations of syntactic agreement and government between the parts of the sentence in machine translated texts. Neither can the machine translator select in its memory the correct order of words in word-combinations and sentences in the target language. As a result, any machine translation of present days needs a thorough proof reading and editing.

 

Kinds of Translating

Depending on the form of conveying the sense, the following kinds or types of translating/interpreting are to be distinguished:

1. The written translating represents a literary faithful sense-to-sense translating from or into a foreign language. It may also be a free interpreting performed in writing. The matter under translation maybe a belles-lettres passage (prose or poetry work), a scientific or technical newspaper passage (article), etc.

2. The oral interpreting is a regular oral sense-to-sense rendering of a speech, interview or recording which can proceed either in succession (after the whole matter or part of it is heard) or simultaneously with its sounding.

There are two main kinds of oral translation – consecutive and simultaneous. In consecutive translation the translating starts after the original speech or some part of it has been completed. Here the interpreter’s strategy and the final results depend, to a great extent, on the length of the segment to be translated. If the segment is just a sentence or two the interpreter closely follows the original speech. When the interpreter is expected to translate a long speech he has to remember a great number of messages and keep them in mind until he begins his translation. To make this possible the interpreter has to take notes of the original

messages, various systems of notation having been suggested for the purpose. The study of, and practice in, such notation is the integral part of the interpreters training as are special exercises to develop his memory. Sometimes the interpreter is set a time limit to give his rendering, which means that he will have to reduce his translation considerably, selecting and reproducing the most important parts of the original and dispensing with the rest. This implies the ability to make a judgment on the relative value of various messages and to generalize or compress the received information. The interpreter must obviously be a good and quick-witted thinker.

In simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is supposed to be able to give his translation while the speaker is uttering the original message. This can be achieved with a special radio or telephone-type equipment. The interpreter receives the original speech through his earphones and simultaneously talks into the microphone which transmits his translation to the listeners. This type of translation involves a number of psycholinguistic problems, both of theoretical and practical nature.

 

 

Descriptive Translation

Antonymic Translation

Descriptive translating

The descriptive way of conveying the sense of language units implies their structural transformation which is necessary to explicate their meaning with the help of hierarchically different target language units. Depending on the notion expressed by the source language word, it may be conveyed in the target language sometimes through a word-combination or even through a sentence, i.e., descriptively: indulge – робити собі приємність у чомусь, віддаватися втіхам; infamous – той, що має ганебну славу; inessentials – предмети не першої необхідності, предмети розкошів; вщерть – up to the brim, full to the brim; в'язи – the nape of one's head, the back of the head; окраєць – crust of a loaf, hunk of a bread.

Descriptive translating/interpreting is very often employed to render the sense of idioms/phraseologisms, which have no equivalents in the target language. Cf. in English: (as) mad as a hatter / цілком божевільний; like one (twelve) o'clock / миттю, вмить, прожогом. In Ukrainian: зуб на зуб не попадати / to feel very cold (to feel freezing); навчить біда коржі з маком їсти / hard times make one inventive; наговорити сім мішків гречаної вовни / to say much nonsense.

Descriptive translation is employed when dealing with the notions of specific national lexicon: porridge – порідж (густа вівсяна каша зварена на воді чи молоці); Senate – сенат (рада університету в Англії, складається переважно з професорів); sweet-meal – солодка страва, приготовлена на цукрі чи медові.

Alongside the literal translating some explications of the meaning of specific national notions becomes sometimes necessary: вареники – varenyky, middle-sized dumplings filled with curd, cherries, etc.; дума – duma, Ukrainian historic epic song; кобзар – kobzar, a performer of dumas to the accompaniment of the kobza (a mandoline-like four string musical instrument), the bandore (a flat multistringed Ukrainian musical instrument).

Descriptive translation is also employed in foot-notes to explain obscure places in narration. midland - мідленд, діалект центральної Англії, a spiritual - релігійна пісня афро-америк.

 

Antonymic translation

Antonymic translation is employed to achieve faithfulness in conveying content or the necessary expressiveness of sense units. It represents a way of rendering when an affirmative in structure language unit (word, word-combination or sentence) is conveyed via a negative in sense or structure but identical in content language unit, or vice versa: a negative in sense or structure sense unit is translated via an affirmative sense unit. Cf.: to have quite a few friends – мати багато (немало) друзів; mind your own business – не втручайся не в свої справи; take it easy – не хвилюйся, не переживай; not infrequently – часто; по time like the present – лови момент (використовуй нагоду); не спитавши броду не лізь у воду - look before you leap; немає лиха без добра - every dark cloud has a silver lining, etc.

The antonymic translation is employed in the following cases:

1) When in the target language there is no direct equivalent for the sense unit of the source language. The meaning of some English word-groups can also be conveyed in Ukrainian antonymically only: Baines was reading a newspaper in his shirt-sleeves. (Gr. Greene). Бейнз сидів без піджака і читав газету. Do you mind this? Ви не заперечуєте?

2) When the sense unit of the source language has two negations of its own which create an affirmation: In those clothes she was by no means non-elegant. (S.Maugham) У цьому вбранні вона була досить елеґантна.

3. In order to achieve the necessary expressiveness in narration: I don't think it will hurt you, baby. (E.Hemingway) Думаю, вам воно не зашкодить, люба. A shell fell close. (Ibid.) Неподалік вибухнув снаряд

4. In order to avoid the use of the same or identical structures close to each other in a text (stylistic aim and means): Mrs. Strickland was a woman of character. (S.Maugham) Місіс Стрікленд була жінкою не без характеру (тобто, була жінка з характером). Most of the staff is not away. (M.Wilson) Більшість співробітників ще на роботі (ще не розійшлися). Savina said nothing. (Ibid.) Савіна промовчала (тобто нічого не відповіла).

TRANSLATION OF TERMINOLOGY

МЕТОДИЧНІ РЕКОМЕНДАЦІЇ

З ДИСЦИПЛІНИ «ТЕОРІЯ І ПРАКТИКА ПЕРЕКЛАДУ»

ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТІВ 3-4-х КУРСІВ