Релігія у Великій Британії та США сьогодні. / Religion in Britain and the USA today. 


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Релігія у Великій Британії та США сьогодні. / Religion in Britain and the USA today.



Everyone in Britain has the right to religious freedom. Britan is predominantly Christian – one British citizen in 10 is a member of the Roman Catholic Church and there are 1.7 million members of the Anglican church (the Church of England) – the “Established Church”, that is the church legally recognized as the official church of the State. It dates from 1534, when Henry YIII broke away from the Church of Rome and declared himself Head of the Church of England. British monarchs still bear this title today. The Queen (or the King) on the advice of the Prime Minister appoints two Archbishops (of Canterbury, who is the Church’s leader, and of York) and 42 bishops who sit in the House of Lords. Although the Church receives no money from the state, it is a great property owner and also has a large number of stocks and shares. Priests in the Church of England have the right to be married, and in 1987 women were allowed to become priests. Very often vicars who are responsible for separate parishes take a great interest in their parishioners and combine the tasks of priest, social worker and psychologist.

However, there are many other churches to which people belong; e.g. Roman Catholic (six million), Methodists (1,150,000), Congregationalists (372,000), Baptists (338,000) and other smaller groups.

In Scotland there are 1.1 million members of the Presbyterian Church – the established church in Scotland. It is completely separated from the Anglican Church, has its own organization and appoints its own ministers. Presbyterianism is a severe form of Protestantism, founded in the 16th century by the followers of the great French reformer Calvin. In Northern Ireland, about half the people regard themselves as Protestants and nearly 40% as Roman Catholics.

In Wales the Anglican Church was disestablished in 1920. It means that there is no one officially established church, but Methodist and Baptist are the two most widespread Christian Churches.

The leader of the Catholic Church in Britain is the Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster. Normally only unmarried men are allowed to be Catholic priests but in 1987 for the first time two married men were allowed to train as priests.

Стратифікація Британського суспільства / Stratification of the British Society.

Social differentiation in British society is the following:

Upper Class

Aristocracy and the top rich people in Britain (the royal family, the surviving titled families from feudal system and old landowning families with aristocratic background (dukes, earls, barons) and the entrepreneurial rich enjoy special status in Britain, the status of the upper classes who are a very small minority of the country’s population (not more than 1% of it). They are treated with great difference in Britain, though not by all the people.

Most of the people are classified according to their occupation:

Middle Class / “White Collar”

· CLASS 1

Professional occupations, including higher-grade professionals and higher administrators, lawyers, architects, doctors, managers, university teachers

· CLASS 2

Intermediate occupations, including intermediate professionals and administrators, e.g. lower-grade professionals, administrators and managers, supervisors and higher-grade technicians, shopkeepers, farmers, actors, musicians, teachers

· CLASS 3 N (a)

Skilled occupations (Non-manual), including non-manual workers, e.g. clerks, sales and rank-and-file workers, small proprietors and self-employed artisans, draughtsmen, lower-grade technicians and foremen, etc.

Working Class/ “Blue Collar”

· CLASS 3 M (b)

Skilled occupations (Manual), including skilled manual workers in industry, e.g. electricians, coalminers, etc.

· CLASS 4

Partly skilled occupations, including semi-skilled workers, e.g. milk rounds men, telephone operators, fishermen, farm workers, semi-skilled workers in industry, etc.

· CLASS 5

Unskilled occupations, including unskilled workers, e.g. night watchers, collectors, cleaners, labourers

Occupation is related to many differences in people’s access to life chances in such areas as education, health, money spending patterns, leisure style and working conditions. For example, in the area of status differences at work classes 1 and 2 enjoy the best terms and conditions of employment. Their holidays are more than 15 days, they are freer in choosing the better holiday time, and they may enjoy such things as being always paid sick pay and higher pensions. There are no pay reductions for lateness.

 



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