Which of the following can be inferred about physical noise?

(A) Both physical noiseand the communication participants can take many forms.

(B) During your spring break trip you will have to learn how to repair your car brake.

(C) Psychological noise interferes with your understanding of the classroom

communication.

(D) Physiological noiseis useful for the physical well-being of the people engaged in the communication activity.

 

Making a list of key words.

Step 1. Survey the text and make a list of headings and subheadings

A list of headings will give you some clues to help single out main points of the text.

Step 2. Skim read each paragraph

Every paragraph deals with a specific aspect of a topic. The first sentence of a paragraph may tell you what the rest of the paragraph is about. Therefore while trying to identify the main idea of a paragraph, you should read the first sentence and skim the rest of the paragraphs.

Follow the three-step strategy to make finding key words easier.

Step 1. Make sure you know what you are looking for.

Step 2. Scan each paragraph for 5-10 key words. Do not read every word.

Step 3. Select 5-10 key words for the whole text.

Use your general background knowledge and knowledge of the general context.

Your knowledge and experience about what is logical or illogical can help you guess the meaning of some words. Let us take, for instance, the second section of the text. This passage logically connects and explains how the eight major structural components interact in communication:

(A) The sender – the person or group originating the message.

(B) The message consists of the information the sender desires to have understood...

(C) The channel – messages, which can be verbal or nonverbal, are encoded and transmitted via a channelto the receiver.

(D) The receiver(s) is the intended recipient of the message...

Basing on these definitions you can build a logical chain: the sender – the message – the channel – the receiver. This logical chain presents the communication part of the main idea of the whole text. Add the other four components to this logical chain.

Collect specific information by pointing out groups of synonyms, semantic and thematic groups. Keep it in mind that vocabulary in context includes both single words (usually nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs). and two- or three-word phrases.

· It is claimed in paragraph 1 that the definition communication is the management of messages with the objective of creating meaning is “somewhat broad”. Why is it broad?

· Find a synonym for the words spreading widely throughout an area or a group of people in paragraph 3.

· Find a synonym for the word certify in paragraph 3.

· Skim read each paragraph and collect a word nest for the noun culture and a thematic group of expressions with the word culture.

 

What is the referent word for the word combination This type of distraction in the paragraph below?

“People who use another language will often have an accent or might misuse a word or phrase, which can adversely influence the receiver’s understanding of the message. This type of distraction, referred to as semantic noise, also encompasses jargon, slang, and specialized professional terminology.”

 

Section 2. Grammar workout

 

Missing conjunctions

Conjunctions are connecting words; they join parts of a sentence. Coordinate conjunctions are used tojoin equal sentence parts:single words, phrases, and indepen­dent clauses. When two full clauses are joined, they are usually separated by a comma. The coordinate conjunctions you will most often see are listed in below.

And (addition), or (choice, possibility), but (contrast), nor (opposition)

· Hereford cows are brown and white.

· He washed his car and cleaned upthe garage.

· This plant can be grown in a house or in a garden. Her action was very brave or very foolish.

· Charlie brought his wallet but forgot his checkbook. The book discussed some interesting ideas but it wasn't very well written.

· He's never taken a class in sociology, nor does he intend to. 1 didn't have breakfast nor lunch.

(The conjunction so is used to join only clauses—not single words or phrases.)

Conjunctive adverbs (moreover, therefore, however, nevertheless, and so on) are also used to join clauses: It was a bright day, so she put on her sunglasses. (negation effect)

Correlative conjunctions are two-part conjunctions. Like coordinate conjunctions, they are used to join clauses, phrases, and words:

Both…and, not only…but also (addition) Both wolves and coyotes are members of the dog family. Dominic studied not only mathematics but also computer science.

Either…or (choice, possibility), neither…nor (negation) We need either a nail nor a screw to hang up this picture. Neither the television nor the stereo had been turned off.