Scanning paragraphs for key words 


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Scanning paragraphs for key words



The best way to find key words is to use scanning by looking quickly through the text. Your eyes move across and down through the text without reading it in your normal way.

Also, another source which tells you how to find key words is the subject or the source of the text. Look at the text CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION – THE NEW NORM. This title can help you understand that key words must concern any kinds of norms or be connected with norms.

E.g.: in paragraph 1 it is possible to point out the following key words: cross-cultural communication, norm, to work, distance.

Task: Find 4-5 key words in each paragraph

Follow the three-step strategy to make finding the answer easier.

Step 1 – Survey the text:

Look at any parts of the text that stand out:

the title, section headings or subheadings,

any words in special print (bold, italics, CAPITALS or underlined).

Step 2 – Make sure you know what you are looking for:

scan for key words or synonyms by looking over the text,

do not read every word.

Step 3 – Select 5-10 key words for the whole text:

Reference words

Reference words are nouns (called the referents), pronouns or some expressions referred to. The correct reference is NOT always the noun that is closest to the pronoun in the passage.

The correct choices are usually other nouns that appear in the passage. If you are unable to decide immediately which referent is correct, substitute the possible choices for the word that is being asked about.

E.g.: Structurally, the word combination the cohesion of the team should be the referent for the pronoun it in the following sentence: Team members should not damage the cohesion of the team or prevent it from becoming more effective. However the author makes a logical mistake because of the two nouns the cohesion can be damaged but the team can be prevented from becoming more effective.

Task: What is the referent for the following italicized phrase?

In the sentence: However, some learning the basics about culture and at least something about the language of communication in different countries is important.

What is important? learning (the basics and something) is important or something (about the language) is important?

Linking Words

Knowing the meaning and the purpose of linking words in sentences can be very useful for academic reading. For example, in the following passage there are two linking words:

Because English is not the first language of many international business people, their use of the language may be peppered with culture-specific or non-standard English phrases, which can hamper the communication process. Both Because and which give: consequence which, between clauses,and reasonBecause, between sentences.

The more common linking words can be divided into six main groups according to their purpose.

1. Showing sequence, e.g., finally, firstly, secondly, then, next, after this.

Finally, if language barriers present themselves, it may be in every one's best interest to employ a reliable, experienced translator.

2. Giving additional information, e.g., as well, even, in addition, also, besides this, as well as, and.

Be mindful of time zone differences and work to keep everyone involved aware and respectful of such differences.

3. Giving examples, e.g., for example, such as, for instance, be illustrated by.

For instance, they may observe different holidays, or even have different hours of operation.

4. Giving reasons or causes, e.g., the cause, be the result of, because of this, due to this, be caused by this, because, result from.

Because English is not the first language of many international business people...

5. Showing contrast, e.g., but, however, though, although, while, despite, even though, whereas, on the other hand.

We didn't all come over on the same ship, but we're all in the same boat.

Note: Even though the above linking words may be in one group, in sentences, they are often used in different ways.

Section 2. Grammar workout

Errors with prepositions

Errors with prepositions are among the most difficult errors to catch. Preposition use in English is very complex. For every rule, there seems to be an exception. There are many errors involving prepositions, and they are more difficult to spot.

Prepositions are used in the following ways:

In adverbial phrases that show time, place, and other relationships: in the morning, on Central Avenue, to the park, by a student

After certain nouns: a cause of, a reason for, a solution to.

After certain adjectives and participles: different from, aware of, disappointed in.

After certain verbs: combine with, rely on, refer to.

In phrasal prepositions (two- or three-word prepositions): according to, together with, instead of.

In certain set expressions: by far, by and large (in general), at large, on occasion, on and off, at last, to boot, from now on, etc..

There are two main types of preposition errors that you may come across:



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