You know people have travelled since the time immemorial. What do you think could be the reasons people travelled for in ancient times?

Mass tourism could only have developed with the improvements in technology, allowing the transport of large numbers of people in a short space of time to places of leisure interest, so that greater numbers of people could begin to enjoy the benefits of leisure time. But how would you personally define the word “tourist?”

Exercise 1. Read the article and say how many official definitions of the term ‘tourist’ are discussed in it. Which aspect of tourism do the first two definitions not include?

TOURISM DEFINED

In 1937 the League of Nations recommended a definition be adopted of a ‘tourist’ as one who travels for a period of 24 hours or more in a country other than that in which he usually resides. This was held to include persons travelling for pleasure, domestic reasons or health, persons travelling to meetings or on business, and persons visiting a country on a cruise vessel (even if for less than 24 hours). The principal weakness here is that it ignores the movement of domestic tourists. Later the United Nations Conference on International Travel and Tourism, held in Rome in 1963, considered recommendations put forward by the IUOTO (now the World Tourism Organization) and agreed to the term “visitors” to describe “any person visiting a country other than that in which he has his usual place of residence, for any reason other than following an occupation remunerated from within the country visited”. This definition was to cover two classes of visitors: a) Tourists, who were classed as temporary visitors staying at least twenty four hours, whose purpose could be classified as leisure (whether for recreation, health, sport, holiday, study or religion), or business, family, mission, or meeting; b) Excursionists, who were classed as temporary visitors staying less than twenty four hours, including cruise travellers but excluding travellers in transit. Once again the definition becomes overly restrictive in failing to take domestic tourism into account. The inclusion of “study” in this definition is an interesting one since it often excluded in later definitions, as are courses of education. A working party for the proposed Institute of Tourism in Britain (now the Tourism Society) attempted to clarify the concept, and reported

in 1976: “Tourism is the temporary short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work, and activities during their stay at these destinations; it includes movement for all purposes, as well as day visits or excursions”. This broader definition was reformulated slightly without losing any of its simplicity at the International Conference on Leisure-Recreation-Tourism, held by the AIEST and the Tourism Society in Cardiff in 1981: “Tourism may be defined in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment. Tourism may or may not involve overnight stays away from home”. The above definitions have been quoted at length because they reveal how broadly the concept of tourism must be defined in order to embrace all forms of the phenomenon. Indeed, the final definition could be criticized on the grounds that, unless the activities involved are more clearly specified, it could be applied equally to burglary or any of a hundred other activities! Here, no guidance on the particular activities is offered, nor does it get us nearer the solution as to how far away a tourist must travel from his home base before he can be termed as such. Conceptually, then, to define tourism precisely is a difficult if not impossible task. To produce a technical definition for statistical purposes is less problematic. As long as it is clear what the data comprises, and one compares like with like, whether inter-regionally or internationally, we can leave the conceptual discussion to academics. With the advent of twentieth century, mass tourism, perhaps the most accurate definition of a tourist is “someone who travels to see something different, and then complains when he finds things are not the same”!

 

Exercise 2. Match the words and phrases according to the meaning in which they are taken from the text.

1. following an occupation (line 19) a) two sets of data collected under similar conditions

2. remunerated (line 20) b) to include

3. overly restrictive (line 31-32) c) left out

4. excluded (line 34-35) d) doing a job

5. reformulated (line 46) e) includes

6. to embrace (line 57) f) paid

7. comprises (line 71) g) expressed differently

8. like with like (line 71) h) too narrow

Exercise 3. Writers use pronouns, e.g. it, them, and certain phrases, e.g. in this way, such a method, to refer to something mentioned before or to something which will be mentioned later. Such words and phrases help maintain logical organizations as well as to reduce unnecessary repetition. As you read you need to be able to recognize what such pronouns and phrases refer to. Say what the following refer to in the article: