The impact of the French Revolution 1789-1794 on the development of Europe. 


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The impact of the French Revolution 1789-1794 on the development of Europe.



 

The French Revolution (French: Révolution française) was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799 that profoundly affected French and modern history, marking the decline of powerful monarchies and churches and the rise of democracy and nationalism. Popular resentment of the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and aristocracy grew amidst an economic crisis following two expensive wars and years of bad harvests, motivating demands for change. These were couched in terms of Enlightenment ideals and caused the convocation of the Estates-General in May 1789. The first year of the Revolution saw members of the Third Estate proclaiming the Tennis Court Oath in June, the assault on the Bastille in July, the passage of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in August, and a march on Versailles that forced the royal court back to Paris in October. The next few years were dominated by struggles between various liberal assemblies and right-wing supporters of the monarchy intent on thwarting major reforms. A republic was proclaimed in September 1792 and King Louis XVI was executed the next year.

 

 

France in the XVIII century was a monarchy, which was based on bureaucratic centralization and the regular army. Existed in the country socio-economic and political regime emerged as a result of complex compromises worked out in the course of a long political opposition and civil wars XIV-XVI centuries. One such trade-offs exist between the monarchy and the privileged classes - for refusing to political rights, all former government at its disposal guarded social benefits of these two classes. Another compromise existed in relation to the peasantry - for a long series of peasant wars XIV-XVI centuries peasants have cancel the vast majority of tax money and go to the natural relations in agriculture. Third compromise existed in relation to the bourgeoisie (which at the time was the middle class, in the interests of which the government has done too much, keeping the number of privileges of the bourgeoisie against the mainstream population (peasants) and supporting the existence of tens of thousands of small businesses whose owners and formed a layer of French bourgeois). However, formed as a result of this complex mode does not compromise the normal development of France, which in the XVIII century beginning to lag behind its neighbors, especially from England. In addition, overexploitation increasingly arming themselves against the masses, the most legitimate interests is completely ignored by the state.

Gradually during the XVIII century at the top of French society mature understanding that the old order with its underdevelopment of market relations, the chaos in the management system, sales system corrupt government positions, the lack of clear legislation, " Byzantine " tax system and archaic system of caste privilege must be reformed. In addition, the royal authority was losing credibility in the eyes of the clergy, the nobility and the bourgeoisie, of which affirmed the idea that the king's authority is usurped over the rights of estates and corporations (view Montesquieu) or with respect to the rights of the people (the viewpoint of Rousseau). Through the activities of the Enlightenment, of which the most important Physiocrats and encyclopedic, in the minds of the educated French society coup. Finally, under Louis XV and even more so when Louis XVI was initiated reforms in the political and economic field, which must inevitably lead to the collapse of the old order.

 

 

But this event has received tremendous importance in the history of other Western states. Just as the German Reformation in the XVI century. Explaining local causes and, in turn, further explaining the history of Germany, however, was closely related to the more general terms of the whole of Western European history and therefore had a strong influence on other countries - and French Revolution, with particular relevance to their place of origin, and gets a more general sense in terms of the whole of Western European history. Those were the two main historical fact to which it relates: the destruction of feudalism, as the latter dominated the social and political relations even dyed, on the one hand, and making the state and public life began political and individual freedom on the other. Gradual destruction of feudalism - one of the basic facts of Western European history; another equally important fact - the growth of personal and social identity, coupled with a desire for self-determination in the areas of individual and national life. That emerged in France of the conditions that are common to it and to other Western European countries, and that, according to local reasons, it is done earlier than those in other countries (though later than in England), was - in only other forms - occur wherever historical life evolved from exactly the same foundations. But history is also acting example: French ideas spread among different nations set the stage for a sample application of these ideas to life, served by France, could also find imitation. Thus, the general conditions of life and common political ideas themselves were conditions favorable for the transition movement that began in France, in other countries, just as it did with the transition of the Reformation in Germany to other nations of Catholic Europe. But in this case, appeared on the scene and another factor.

In 1792, between revolutionary France and monarchical Europe the war began, which lasted almost continuously for about a quarter century. In this struggle, victory was on the side of France. Eventually she defended its new institutions and produced a revolution in this most European forcing even its monarchical government to engage in transactions with the government, released from the depths of the revolution. The French Revolution was the beginning of a series of major changes: in the period in question, not only was remade political map of Europe, but also in the internal affairs of different countries under the direct or indirect influence of France has undergone substantial changes. All the latest Western European history develops in the direction so that the distance to her push came out of France. «Great» revolution not only destroyed the old France, but in general the old Europe. Fighting between vintage and new beginnings immediately received international character, as it was in the era of the struggle of the Reformation and the Catholic reaction. One of the immediate results of the French coup was that the royal authority and clerical feudal elements, especially not among themselves reconciled in the era of enlightened absolutism, now equally exposed to danger from the constitutional and democratic movement, begin to approach one another. This alliance wins in 1814; But the victory he was obliged new force, first manifested again France, force nations awakened to the historical life under the influence of the same great events of the era. Old feudal system decayed nation into separate class, and at the time of the new political regime, the nation was absorbed in the state, but also for these new times advancing relations.

 



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