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Elements of Design. Texture.Стр 1 из 2Следующая ⇒
Residential Interior Design
Residential design focuses on the planning and specifying of interior materials and products used in private residences. It implies that an interior designer is working within an environment in which an individual resides for a relatively fixed period of time. Most of the time, an individual person enters into a contract
Residential design includes the following subspecializations: · model apartments · retirement housing · assisted-living quarters · multi-dwelling complexes · apartments, condominiums, cooperatives · home entertainment design · bath design · kitchen design · home office design · recreational and therapeutic design (e.g., spa, sauna, pool, and workout areas) · storage design · children's rooms
1. What are two main categories of interior design projects? 2. What subspecializations do residential and contract design include?
B. Understanding details. Give extensive answers to the questions that follow.
1. What does residential design focus on? 2. What subspecializations does residential design include? 3. What are subspetializations of contract design? 4. What does corporate design (entertainment design, facilities management, health care design, hospitality and restaurant design, institutional and government design, retail and store planning design) include?
C. Understanding meanings. 1. Choose the best explanation for the phrase “retail and store planning design”
a) Design for exhibitions and shopping malls. b) Design for nightclubs and recreational facilities.
2. Choose the best explanation for the phrase “corporate design”
a) Design for conference rooms and corporate apartments. b) Design for rehabilitation centers and nursing homes.
IV. Vocabulary tasks A. Word families Complete the chart.
B. Match these terms with their definitions.
V. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with an appropriate word. The first letter of each word has been given to help you.
1. An interior designer creates a h………… environment. 2. Interior designer create spaces for e……….. to live in while on temporary assignment. 3. An interior designer provides services to a real estate d……….. 4. Specialists of facilities management address safety and health i……….. 5. Psychiatric facilities, clinics and h…..….. are included in health care design. 6. Community centers, airports, rail stations and p………. are included in institutional and governmental design.
VI. Over to you
Living/ Working Environment of the Future. You are an interior designer hired to create an environment that will be used in the future as a studio for a forward-thinking young artist. In essence, you have been asked to plan for the design of a space five years out. The space is approximately 15by 20 feet, with a ceiling height of 8 feet. Using what you have learned about historical styles, the influences that have learned about historical styles, the influences that have an impact on design, current trends, and lifestyle themes, prepare a preliminary presentation for this client. Choose from the various graphic techniques you have learned to convey the concept you have for the space. These techniques, either hand or computer drawn, may include sketches of the floor plan with furniture layout, perspective drawing of sketches, elevations, or models. Prepare a one-page summary of your plans for the space, including the design concept; key architectural features; fixtures, furnishings, and equipment; and color.
You are an interior designer hired to create an environment that will be used in the future as a studio for a forward-thinking young artist. In essence, you have been asked to plan for the design of a space five years out. The space is approximately 15 by 20 feet, with a ceiling height of 8 feet. Using what you have learned about historical styles, the influences that have an impact on design, current trends, and lifestyle themes, prepare a preliminary presentation for this client. Choose from the various graphic techniques you have learned to convey the concept you have for the space. These techniques, either hand or computer drawn, may include sketches, elevations, or models. Prepare a one-page summary of your plans for the space, including the design concept; key architectural features; fixtures, furnishings, and equipment; and color.
Unit 4 AESTHETICS I. Go through the following list of words and note their meaning.
II. Before you read discuss this question:
· What do you think aesthetics deals with?
III. Reading tasks A. Understanding main points Read the text about aesthetics and answer questions below the text: Design—whether for interiors, graphics, fine arts, textiles, or industrial products, to name just a few applications—has several key features. Among them are skillful planning of the arrangement of parts, an intended purpose, original ideas, and culmination in a complete artistic unit. This chapter addresses the building blocks that produce good design, that is, design that is successful in meeting its intended artistic and functional goals.
Aesthetics Aesthetics, derived from the Greek word relating to perception, may be defined as the study or theory of beauty and our responses to it. It is the branch of philosophy that deals with art: its creation, its forms, and its effects. When something is described as beautiful, it denotes a pleasing appearance. If the standards by which we judge beauty are objective and therefore reasonably universal, is that in conflict with the notion that beauty is in the eye of the beholder? How do we factor in taste? Does form follow function? These questions are perpetually discussed and debated by designers in all disciplines. In the dictum "form follows function," aesthetics drives the "form," or the visual aspect. Interior designers also need to determine whether a design is successful in a particular context, place, and time. The design should serve its intended purpose, that is, the "function" part of the dictum. Although we all have individual tastes or preferences, depending on our experiences and exposure, there is general consensus regarding what is pleasing to the senses and what is considered a positive experience. Fashion may come and go, but the essence of what makes for good design remains. Examining the bones, not merely the skin, of a composition helps a designer to determine what is valid or convincing. Although we might not favor the fashion of the day during Queen Victoria's reign, an experienced, attuned, and trained eye will be able to discern the good Victorian from the bad, and what lies in between. Hindsight is helpful to detect whether we have or have not been influenced by current trends. The universal standards for good design tend to transcend culture, geography, and time. Understanding the rules of aesthetics, through knowledge, observation, and research, gives the designer the confidence to break the rules.intentionally, not by happenstance. Innovators in art and design have an understanding of how the general population will react to their work. For example, 20th-century artist Pablo Picasso aimed to upset the status quo and generate a variety of responses, even negative ones, to his creations. A good design is understandable on some level. It makes sense even if the meaning is esoteric and not considered the preferred solution by many observers. To create or synthesize a composition, whether it be an interior, a building, a sculpture, or a painting, it is helpful to first be able to analyze. What are the most basic building blocks of the composition? What are the existing components? What problems or solutions do they pose? What may be developed, added, changed, or eliminated? How does a designer group these elements? The purpose of any design is to organize its various parts into an integral whole. How are the components in the composition combined to create harmony? These are some of the questions dealt with in this chapter.
1. How would you define aesthetics? 2. Do you agree with the notion that beauty is in the eye of the beholder? 3. How do you understand the dictum ‘ form follows function,? 4. What gives the designer the confidence to break the rules of aesthetics intentionally? 5. What is the purpose of any design?
B.Understanding details. Mark these statements T (true) or F (false) according to the information in the text. Find the part of the text that gives the correct information. 1. Good design is design that is successful in meeting its intended artistic and functional goals. 2. Aesthetics is the branch of philosophy that deals with culture. 3. The universal standards for good design tend to transcend culture, history and time. 4. Understanding the rules of aesthetics gives the designer the confidence to break the rules by happenstance. 5. To create a composition it is helpful first to be able to analyze. IV. Vocabulary tasks A. Definitions Match these terms with their definitions.
B. Collocations Match these verbs and nouns as they occur in the text.
V. Complete the sentences Use an appropriate phrase to complete each sentence. 1. In the dictum ‘ form follows function ‘ aesthetics drives… 2. Although we all have individual tastes, there is general consensus…
3. Aesthetics may be defined as… 4. Design has several key features: … 5. Examining the bones of a composition helps a designer to determine… VI. Over to you Finding Harmony Select two full-page color images from any magazine that features interior design. These images may show either residential of contract spaces. Choose one space that you feel reflects the design principle of harmony and another that does not reflect that principle. Using your knowledge of the elements and principles discusses in this chapter, prepare a written justification of your choices. Present your observations of what makes one space harmonious and not the other. Describe the features that you consider less successful. Utilize the concepts and vocabulary terms associated with elements and principles of design to express your observations.
Progress Test I (Units 1,2,3,4) Multiple Choice 1. The Adam brothers were considered interior architects during which period?
a. Middle Ages 2. The guild system was developed in Europe during which period?
a. Antiquities
Fill in the Blanks 1. ____________________is the name of the Italian Renaissance architect known for his classically styled buildings. 2. ____________________, __________________, and ________________ are three American women who were successful interior decorators in the early 20th century. 3. ______________________ and _______________________ are the two largest professional associations for interior designers in the United States and Canada. 4. ______________________ and ________________________ are two fields related to interior design. 5. ___________________ is another term for green design. 6. ___________________ is the term used for designs made from small pieces of stone, such as marble.
Lists 1. Name five services performed by today’s interior designer.
a. b. c. d. e. 2. Name three sub-specialties of residential design. a. b. c. 3. Name three sub-specialties of contract design. a. b. c. 4. Name three architects whose buildings and furniture designs influenced the growth of modern design in the 20th century. a. b. c.
Essays 1. Discuss the difference between the interior decorator and the interior designer.
Unit 5 Elements of Design. Line. I. Go through the following list of words and note their meaning.
II. Before you read discuss this question: · What are the most basic building blocks of the composition and the existing components? III. Reading tasks A. Understanding main points Read the text about line and answer questions below the text: Elements of Design.Line. The following are basic building blocks of design that we call elements: • line • pattern • texture • scale • light • color
Line The basic line, shape, and configuration of an object make up its form and the way in which one object is distinguished from another. Before a line exists as a single dimension, it exists as a point. Apoint is actually an abstract notion, and unless combined with another point, suggesting a beginning and an end, it is not discernible. Seen in relation to each other, two points become a line. A line indicates either length or width. As a line shifts direction, developing both length and width, it defines a shape, a two-dimensional unit. The addition of the third dimension, depth or volume, produces the boundaries of a solid or of an empty space or void. A line is a one-dimensional unit that gives direction to a space. It may be straight or curvilinear. Straight lines may be horizontal, vertical, or diagonal.
Interior designers use horizontal lines in many different ways. One of the more common ways is to alter the viewer's perception of the size of a space. Traditionally, walls may be divided horizontally with the use of a dado or chair rail that approximates the height of the top of a typical chair, or with a picture rail, placed higher, to showcase artwork. This division alters the viewer's perception of the room because the viewer tends to focus on the lower portion of the room, closest to eye level. This change in focus creates a feeling that the space is smaller and, therefore, more cozy and personal.
Vertical lines are perpendicular (at a right angle) to the horizon. They denote resistance to the force of gravity. A skyscraper exemplifies the effect of the vertical line in its strength and upward movement. The World Trade Center in New York City, featuring 110-story twin towers designed by Minoru Yamasaki, was created with the vision that it be "... a living representation of man's belief in humanity, his need for individual dignity, his belief in the cooperation of men, and through this cooperation his ability to find greatness. Completed in 1977, the twin towers were designed to symbolize strength and virility. After the destruction of the World Trade Center towers in a terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, plans to rebuild the site generated intense discussion and controversy among architects and builders, government officials, families of the victims, and the general public. All of the design concepts selected for consideration included versions of a towering skyscraper to replace the fallen buildings. In part a response to the need for high-volume usage of the site, the verticality of the designs also reflected a defiant statement of resiliency. A diagonal line is one that is at an angle. It denotes an even more pronounced dynamic motion than a horizontal or a vertical line. It may create tension. If not used carefully in a space, or when overused, the sharp angle of a diagonal line can produce a feeling of instability and threat. Ironically, the design competition held for the rebuilding of the World Trade Center resulted in a winning design by architect Daniel Libeskind that features aggressive angular planes, not a style that would seem to promote a feeling of security or comfort. A line that is described as curvilinear is a bent line; one that deviates without a sharp angle. In contrast to straight lines, which may be thought of as representing the male human body, curvilinear lines evoke the gentler and softer outlines of the female body. Another way to envision the different sensations that are evoked is that straight lines, in particular those that are vertical or diagonal, represent a direction or force that moves outwardly or externally, whereas an attribute of the curvilinear line is a more inward or enveloping direction. Shape is a two-dimensional unit that describes the contours of lines. Another way to describe a shape is to speak of its relationship to a plane or flat surface. Interior designers and architects are often concerned with rectilinear shapes as they form planes, such as those of floors, walls, and ceilings. Two broad categories of shapes are geometric and organic. Geometric shapes, whether straight or curvilinear, are regular. Examples include the square, rectangle, triangle, and circle. With knowledge of one dimension, a mathematical formula can be used to calculate other dimensions. For example, if you know the diameter of a circle, and the appropriate formula, you can calculate its-circumference. Considered an introverted shape, the circle is often associated symbolically with a feminine sensibility, in contrast to shapes composed of straight lines, which are thought of has having a more masculine identity. The square, with its equilateral sides (lines of the same dimension) denotes regularity and tranquility. The rectangle, with less equality between length and height, is the most commonly used shape in architecture. The triangle's dynamic use of three lines has been associated with energetic stability. Organic shapes are based on nature and living objects, whether in the animal (and human) or plant kingdom. One type sometimes used by designers maybe described as amorphous or amorphic, that is, without a definitive shape. A good example of the amorphous shape is the amoeba, a primitive organism. Designer Karim Rashid utilizes this blob-like shape in the furniture and products he designs. Another term that describes an irregular shape is biomorphic or zoomorphic, that is, representing human or animal components. Yet another type of organic shape is botanical, representing the plant world, including vines, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Organic shapes may be naturalistic (that is, realistic), stylized (meaning representational, denoting the basic or essential components of the shape of an object), or abstract (nonrepresentational, in that they are not easily recognizable as a given object in the real world). Form, as a three-dimensional unit, is made up of shapes on different planes. The regular, geometric forms are the cube, sphere, cone, cylinder, and pyramid. The terms volume and mass are also used to describe these complete, encased spatial dimensions. As with line and shape, interior designs are often enhanced by a pleasing mix of varied forms. Successful designs often incorporate a mixture of straight and curvilinear forms. Forms may be composed of solid, or positive, areas, and void areas, which are negative areas or hollow spaces. Sculpture often plays on the use of these positive and negative spaces. In some instances, equal importance may be given to solid and void design elements in a single form, such as a piece of furniture or a structure. The interior environment may also be designed to demonstrate the effect of the combination of both positive and negative elements in design. 1. What are the most basic of the building blocks of design called? 2. What do the elements of design include? 3. What does a line derive from? 4. What does a horizontal line denote? 5. How do interior designers use horizontal lines? 6. What do vertical lines denote? 7. How is a diagonal line used? 8. What line is described as curvilinear? B.Understanding details Mark these statements T (true) or F (false) according to the information in the text. Find the part of the text that gives the correct information. 1. A line indicates either length or width. 2. A line is a two-dimensional unit that gives direction to a space. 3. A horizontal line is one that is parallel to the plane of the earth, its horizon. 4. Vertical lines denote stability, ever-present nature, rest and repose. 5. A curvilinear line deviates without a sharp angle. C. Understanding meanings Choose the best explanation for the phrase 1. ‘dado or chair rail’ a A treatment used on interior walls, generally consisting of wood panels that cover the lower part of the wall and run to a pint approximately 4 feet above floor level. b A method of measuring light in which bands of light are measured as pulsation or electromagnetic energy. 2. ‘plane’ a A space above a suspended ceiling that can accommodate heating ducts and wiring. b A flat surface, often rectilinear in shape, such as those of floors, walls, and ceilings.
IV. Vocabulary tasks A. Definitions Match these terms with their definitions.
B. Collocations Match these nouns and adjectives as they occur in the text.
V. Complete the sentences 1. The most basic of the building blocks of design are called elements and they include … 2. Derived from a point, a line is … 3. Traditionally, walls may be divided horizontally with the use of … 4. One way to describe a shape is … 5. Two broad categories of shapes are … 6. The interior environment is designed to demonstrate … VI. Over to you Role playing the preproject interview The goal of this exercise is for the student to become aware of what to observe, what facts to note, and what questions to ask in the preliminary stages of a project. Select a classmate to work with whose living space is accessible and convenient to you. Each of you will have the opportunity to role-play the prospective client and interior designer. Each one of you should select one room of your living space, perhaps a bedroom in your apartment, home, or dorm. At your site, you will be the prospective client; at your classmate’s site, you will be the interior designer seeking the project. Complete the following steps in the role of interior designer: 1) prepare a list of questions beforehand. 2)interview the prospective client and take notes. 3) tour the site with the occupant and take notes. 4) summarize the next steps for you and the prospective client.
Unit 6 Pattern I. Go through the following list of words and note their meaning.
II. Before you read discuss this question: · How does a designer group elements of design? III. Reading tasks
A. Understanding main points Read the text about pattern and answer questions below the text:
The repetition of a specific motif is known as pattern. A motif may be thought of as a shape, theme, or figure. The individual motif of a pattern is discernible as a distinct entity, whereas texture, described later, appears as an overall tone. Patterns may be either applied or structural. An example of an applied pattern is the design repeated by printing a fabric; the design achieved in a fabric through weaving is a structural pattern. On a larger architectural scale, the way in which the rectangular shapes of bricks are arranged produces a structural pattern. Designers use pattern to enhance visual interest and project distinct moods. Motifs, like shapes, may be geometric or organic and expressed in naturalistic, stylized, or abstract ways. Within each of these categories are innumerable motifs identified by specific, commonly accepted terms. Geometric patterns common to surface materials, such as fabric and carpet, for example, include stripes, a series of horizontal or straight lines; checks, a series of repeated squares; checkerboard, a series of attached squares and rectangles; or plaids, a less regular arrangement of boxes and rectangles. Diagonal lines form various patterns, such as the chevron, flame stitch, and zigzag. Common patterns based on the circle include the polka dot and dotted Swiss. Some of the earliest patterns are based on representations of nature. These types of designs have appeared in the works of cultures around the world from ancient times to the present and are universally popular. They may express the natural as well as supernatural world, through geometric or organic designs that are representational, stylized, or abstract. Organic motifs include botanical images such as plants, leaves, and flowers, whereas figural motifs feature humans or animals. For example, paisley, a stylized botanical motif originating in India, is derived from a reference to plant forms. French-inspired toile is an example of a figural pattern that depicts a pastoral scene of people, animals, or plants. Common zoomorphic prints are representative of the markings of the hides of exotic animals, such as the leopard. A pattern may convey a theme, such as traditional, primitive, country, contemporary, casual, or sophisticated style. The patterned textiles in Figure 2.12 appear to be contemporary, but were woven more than 1,000 years ago in pre-Columbian Peru, reflecting the enduring appeal of the primitive theme.
Patterns and combinations of patterns in both residential and contract interior design can produce a variety of physiological and emotional responses, reflecting their symbolic and cultural meanings. People perceive patterns differently, depending on their demographic characteristics (including gender, regional, and age differences), and personal and cultural experiences. Pattern is significantly influenced by the setting in which it is applied. The extent to which mixed patterns are perceived as pleasing is also a matter of personal taste. Clever use of pattern may serve to correct defects. For instance, use of a patterned, rather than plain, covering on an irregular or cracked wall surface will serve to camouflage the imperfection. Ornament is used to denote visual detail that is not functional, but rather purely decorative. The degree of ornamentation favored in a design varies with time and context. The decades of Queen Victoria's reign were characterized by use of ornamentation, often to the point of excess, but some who thought of themselves as reformers during that time considered ornament a crime, laying the foundation for modernism. 1. What is the difference between applied and structural patterns? 2. With what purpose do the designer use patterns? 3. What do geometric patterns include? 4. What do organic motifs consist of? 5. In what terms may a pattern be described? 6. How do people usually perceive patterns? B.Understanding details Mark these statements T (true) or F (false) according to the information in the text. Find the part of the text that gives the correct information.
1. The repetition of a specific motif is known as a pattern. 2. The design achieved in a fabric through weaving is an applied pattern. 3. Motifs, like shapes, may be geometric or organic and expressed in different ways. 4. Organic motifs feature humans or animals. 5. Patterns are not influenced by the setting in which it is applied. C. Understanding meanings Choose the best explanation for the phrase 1. Stripes a. A. a series of horizontal or straight lines. b. Arrangements of faxes and rectangles. 2. Checkerboard a. A series of repeated squares. b. A series of attached squares and rectangles. A. Definitions Match these terms with their definitions.
IV. Over to you Photo journal of fenestrations
Exterior doors and windows have both functional and decorative attributes. They serve to provide architectural harmony to a buildings structure. Different types of fenestrations can be categorized by their mode of operation, style, and material components. Documents a series of exterior doors and windows (twenty-four in all) by taking photographs of the doors and windows of buildings in your locate. Include both public structures and residences that illustrate a variety of styles. Aim for variety in mode of operations, such as revolving, sliding, and overhead doors; decorative presence, such as cathedral and bay windows; and materials, such as metal and raised wood panel doors. Write the type and style on the back of each photo.
Unit 7. Unit 8. Elements of Design. Scale. I. Study the following list of words.
II. Before you read discuss this question: What do you keep in mind when you speak of scale?
III. Reading tasks A. Look for more details in the text to answer the questions below. The size of an object can be measured by the length, width, and depth of its surfaces. We may refer to inches, feet, and yards; square footage; or cubic measurements to indicate volume. Most countries outside the United States and Great Britain use comparable metric measurements to indicate size. When comparing the relative size of two or more objects, we speak of scale.
The scale of furnishings, doorways, and windows may also be used to alter a viewer's perception of a space. A designer's strategic use of scale in the architectural elements and interior details may evoke different sensations, ranging from intimate to impersonal. Scale often compares an object with the space it inhabits. When furnishings seem to fit appropriately in the volume of a space, we may not even be aware of scale as an issue. When the fit is poor, however, we may become unsettled by the disproportion in scale between a form and its enclosure.
1. How can the size of an object be measured? 2. Do you often speak of comparing something to the human scale? 3. How can designers use scale in the architectural elements? 4. In what way does scale compare an object with the space in inhabits? 5. How may scale be judged by eye or instinct based on our common expectations?
B. Decide whether the following statements True(T) or False(F). If they are false say why. 1. The size of an object can be measured by the length, width, and depth of its surfaces. 2. We may refer to inches, feet, and yards, square footage to indicate size. 3. A designer’s use of scale in the architectural elements doesn’t evoke any sensations. 4. Scale can’t be judged by eye or instinct based on our common expectations. 5. Designers often rely on comparisons to human dimensions when demonstrating scale.
IV. Vocabulary tasks A. Definitions Match these terms with their definitions:
V. Complete the sentences 1. The size of an object can be measured by … 2. The scale of furnishings, doorways, and windows may also be used … 3. Patterns in fabrics may also be described as small- or large-scale, for instance … 4. When furnishings seem to fit appropriately in the volume of a space, we may not even be aware of scale as an issue. When the fit is poor… 5. When comparing the relative size of two or more objects, we speak…
VI. Over to you Scavenger Hunt-Innovations Use any research technique or a combination of methods to develop a list of new products used to furnish interior spaces. These should be products that are not described in this text but rather those that are truly “not off the press”, so to speak. Feature at least one new product or application each for residential and for contract use, and a new appliance or fixture. Compile a summary of each, including a description and illustration. In your summary, consider the relationship of the product to such factors as aesthetics, green design, universal design, and life-cycle costs. Your research method may involve visiting showrooms and manufacturing sites, project sites, and trade shows. You may also review catalogues, trade and shelter publications, articles, news briefs, and books. Web sites are other sources of useful information.
Unit 9. Elements of Design. Light. I. Go through the following list of words and note their meaning.
II. Before you read discuss this question: What purposes do you think light serves?
III. Reading tasks A. Look for more details in the text to answer the questions below. Purposes of Light. Light serves many purposes, among them the following: • provide visibility for mobility and activity • convey a mood or feeling appropriate to a space • create drama through shadows and contrast • highlight or camouflage structural features of a space • enhance or diminish the effects of color • emphasize or reduce surface features, such as texture three different layers of lighting—ambient, task, and accent—are used to achieve these varied purposes. • Ambient (meaning to go around) lighting describes diffuse, uniform illumination that provides for safe movement. It is also referred to us general lighting. • Task lighting illuminates certain areas of a space to facilitate specific activities, such as reading. It can serve to define functional areas of a room, such as the entertainment area of a hotel guest room. It is also referred to as local lighting.
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with a designer to design the interior of his or her family's home. An exception is the design of so-called model homes. In that instance, an interior designer creates a homelike environment but is providing services to a real estate developer or management office. Similarly, many corporations hire interior designers to create spaces for employees to live in while on temporary assignment. The area of assisted living, generally for senior citizens, is a bridge between residential and contract design. Although these quarters are designed to house residents in their own spaces, a managing agent contracts for the design.
A horizontal line is one that is parallel to the plane of the earth, its horizon. It denotes stability, ever-present nature, rest, and repose—qualities that represent our perception of the earth's horizon. American architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867—1959) championed the use of horizontal lines in many of his buildings. Fallingwater, a residence he built for Edgar Kaufmann, Sr., near Mill Run, Pennsylvania, in 1936, exemplifies the strong use of the horizontal plane. The feeling created is one of connectedness to the earth because the structure is grounded into its natural environs.
A pattern may also be described in terms of its scale. It is important for designers to keep in mind that when the individual components of a pattern are very small in scale, or viewed at a distance, the pattern will appear as a texture.
Often we speak of comparing something to the human scale. Despite idiosyncratic differences among people, there is consensus about a recognizable, constant range of what we expect human size to be. Wemay describe an interior space that has a high-pitched ceiling as having a cathedral ceiling, evoking a sense of space and grandeur that is not on the human scale. Alternatively, we may describe an interior that uses a low ceiling plane as conveying a feeling of comfort for humans occupying that space.
Scale may be judged by eye or instinct based on our common expectations. If we are accustomed to sofas ranging in size from 54 to 84 inches, for example, a sofa outside that frame of reference in either direction may be described as small or large in scale. Patterns in fabrics may also be described as small- or large-scale, for instance, a floral pattern with a repeat of 2 inches versus one of 8 inches. Consider the example of a chair upholstered in a rose-patterned fabric that permitted only one rose to fit on the back of the chair; we would describe that pattern as large scale. Even a rose pattern with a repeat of 3 inches (similar in size to a real fully opened rose) would seem relatively large for use on a chair, especially a small-scale chair.
